Theses supervised by Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Nurullah Akbulut
13 theses · Hasan Kalyoncu University
Hastanelerde iş kazaların istatistiksel analizi
Sağlık hizmeti sunumunda büyük bir paya sahip olan hastanelerde, hasta bakımı veya tedavi gibi ana süreçler ve diğer alt süreçlerde çalışma ortamında çok sayıda risk oluşabilmektedir. Bu süreçlerde görev alan çalışanlar, çalışma ortamında fiziksel, kimyasal, biyolojik, ergonomik ve psikososyal risk etmenlerine maruz kalmaktalar. Söz konusu bu riskler, çalışanlar açısından iş kazalarına, meslek hastalıklarına ve iş veriminin azalmasına sebep olmakla birlikte hasta, hasta yakını veya ziyaretçilerin güvenliğini de olumsuz yönde etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir devlet hastanesi ve bir özel hastanede 2018, 2019 ve 2020 yıllarına ait meydana gelen iş kazalarıyla ilgili veriler tutulmuş ve bu veriler üzerinde iş kazaların analizi yapılmıştır. Bu kaza analizleri doğrultusunda çözüm önerileri geliştirilip iş kazalarını minimum seviye indirmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, toplamda 131 iş kazası meydana gelmiş olup bu kazaların cinsiyet durumuna göre dağılım oranında en fazla iş kazasına %65 ile kadınlar maruz kalmıştır. İş kazaların bölüm bazlı değerlendirmesinde en fazla kazalar sırasıyla servislerde, yoğun bakım ünitelerinde ve ameliyathanelerde gerçekleşmiştir. İş kazaların, meslek bazlı değerlendirmesinde en fazla kazalar hemşirelik meslek grubunda, kaza bölgelerine dağılımında en fazla kazalar el ve parmaklarda, saatlere göre dağılımında en fazla kazalar mesainin ilk saatlerinde, aylara dağılımında özellikle kış aylarında yoğun bir şekilde iş kazaları gerçekleşmiştir (Aralık, Kasım, Ocak, Şubat). Kazaların en sık yaşandığı bölümlerde, mesleklerde, saatlerde, aylarda, düzeltici veya önleyici faaliyetler yapılmalıdır. Meydana gelen bu kazalar sağlık personeliyle paylaşılıp bilgilendirilmeleri, çalışanlarda duyarlılık artışı, davranış değişikliği ve farkındalığın artırılması büyük önem ifade etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İş sağlığı ve güvenliği, hastaneler, iş kazaları, iş kazaların analizi
İş sağlığı ve güvenliği çalışmalarında sanal gerçeklik
Dünyada birçok alanda kullanılmakta olan sanal gerçeklik teknolojilerinin, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği sektöründe kullanımı yaygınlaşmaktadır. İş güvenliği sektöründe "sanal gerçeklik" teknolojileri ile gerçekleştirilmemiş sağlığı ve güvenliği (İSG) eğitimlerinde elde edilen sonuçlar, sanal gerçeklik sistemlerinin, geleneksel yöntemlere oranla önemli katkı sunduğunu ve üstünlükler sağladığını göstermektedir. Gerçekleştirilen birçok çalışmada Sanal Gerçeklik teknolojileri ile geliştirilen sistemlerinin geleneksel yöntemlerin yerini almaya başladığı görülmektedir. Sanal gerçeklik teknolojileri ile pazarlama, tasarım ve iş sağlığı ve güvenliği konularında üretilen simülatif temsil modellerin gerçekçilik, derinlik algısı üzerine sunduğu imkânlar etkili sonuçlar üretmektedir. Bu çalışmada sanal gerçeklik teknoloji araçlarının iş sağlığı ve güvenliği sektöründe kullanım sıklığı ve etkinliği araştırılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, sanal gerçekliğin iş sağlığı ve güvenliği süreçleri de irdelenmiştir. Sanal gerçeklikle verilen iş güvenliği eğitimleri araştırılmış yüz yüze iş sağlığı ve güvenliği eğitimi ve sanal gerçeklikle iş sağlığı ve güvenliği eğitimi karşılaştırılmış, çalışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda ulaşılan sonuçlar ile iş sağlığı ve güvenliği sektöründe sanal gerçeklik teknolojileri ile iş sağlığı ve güvenliği eğitiminin yaygınlaşmasına yönelik çözüm önerileri geliştirilmiştir. İş sağlığı ve güvenliği sektöründe sanal gerçeklik teknolojileri ile iş sağlığı ve güvenliği eğitimlerinin kullanımının yaygınlaşmaya başlanmasıyla olumlu kazanımlar elde edileceği düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İş sağlığı ve güvenliği, sanal gerçeklik, iş güvenliği.
Geoteknik verilerin CBS ile haritalandırılması: Elazığ ili vaka çalışması, Türkiye
Elâzığ ili, bazı şiddetli depremlerden zarar gördüğünden dolayı, iyi bir şehir planlaması, tasarımı ve inşası için zemin özelliklerinin incelenmesinin gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Jeolojik, sismik, hidrojeolojik ve geoteknik özellikler, incelemenin en önemli alanları olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Her yapının konumuna bağlı olarak zeminden kaynaklı farklı etkileri söz konusu olabilmektedir. İnşaat alanındaki zeminin geoteknik özelliklerinin anlaşılması amacıyla, zemin etüt incelemeleri gerçekleştirilir. Tez çalışmasının amacı, özellikle zemin etütlerinin maliyetini düşüren ve zamandan tasarruf sağlayan geoteknik haritaların oluşturulması ve mühendislik projelerine altlık sağlanmasıdır. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin (CBS) ortaya çıkmasıyla geoteknik haritalar günümüzde oldukça yaygınlaşmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan haritalar Mesafenin Tersinir (MT) yöntemi kullanılarak ArcGIS yazılımı ile oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışmada 210 adet sondaj logu kullanılarak zemin endeks özellikleri, zemin sınıflandırılması ve taşıma kapasitesi hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, Türkiye Deprem ve Bina Yönetmeliği, NEHRP ve EUROCODE 8'e uygun olarak zemin sınıflandırılması haritaları, ayrıca yeraltı suyu, su muhtevası, kayma dalgası hızı, sıkışma dalga hızı ve zemin büyütmesi haritaları oluşturulmuştur. 15 metreye kadar yapılan sondaj analizlerinde yeraltı suyuna rastlanılmamış olup daha derin seviyelerde olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle sıvılaşma analizi yapılamamıştır. SPT-N değerleri baz alınarak yapılan taşıma kapasitesi analizlerinde Terzaghi & Peck ve Meyerhof metodu sonuçlarının birbirine yakın olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma bölgesinde sıkışma dalga hızı değerleri, kayma dalgası hızı değerlerinden daha yüksek olduğu izlenmiştir. Jeofizik verilerin bir sonucu olarak, çalışma alanındaki zemin sınıflandırılmasının Türkiye Deprem ve Bina Yönetmeliğine göre C sınıfı zemin; NEHRP'e göre B ve C sınıfı zemin; EUROCODE 8'e göre ise A ve B sınıfı zemin olduğu görülmüştür. Bunlara ek olarak söz konusu oluşturulan haritalar, ön etütler, fizibilite çalışmaları, arazi kullanım politikası, şehir planlaması ve tasarımına yardımcı olacak, farklı zemin özelliklerin dağılımını doğru ve kolay bir şekilde temsil edebilecektir.
Mapping geotechnical properties using geographical information system: A case study of Siirt city
Siirt is one of the most important cities in the Southeastern Anatolian Region. The faults around the Southeast Anatolian and neighbouring has generated severe earthquakes in the study area. In this study, mapping of the geotechnical properties by Geographical Information System in Siirt Central District is aimed to be presented. The city center of Siirt is situated at 37o 55' 38'' North and 41o 56' 31'' East coordinates and is influenced by active faults connected to the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone and Southeast Anatolian Thrust. The main goal was to provide ease of access to geotechnical data in the field of engineering, to support the workforce and to increase the efficiency. A total of 178 borehole points was obtained from the soil investigation reports of Siirt Environment and Urbanization Directorate. Geotechnical maps were created by transferring the field and laboratory test results which were obtained from the soil investigation reports to ArcGIS software by means of Geographic Information System. Calculations, mapping and analysis of SPT-N, bearing capacity, shear wave velocity, soil amplification, dominant vibration period and soil classifications according to NEHRP, EUROCODE8 and TBDY-2019 earthquake codes were made. Bearing capacity calculations were made in 4 different methods according to geophysical and geotechnical approaches. Both approaches have shown a great difference when have compared. Also, shear wave velocity values have been calculated and compared according to different scientist in the literature. Furthermore, many other maps and analysis were made, which will be available online in the Siirt Municipality. This analysis will save time and help the workforce in future studies.
A study of sustainable financing for the Turkish urban infrastructure and urban regeneration projects: United Kingdom shared ownership model
Due to the fact that our country is under the threat of earthquakes and distorted urbanization, the existing building stock needs to be renewed. As in the examples of developed countries, urban transformation should be considered together with the infrastructure and planned in an integrated way with the infrastructure. In the study, the examples of urban regeneration solved together with the infrastructure from the world were mentioned and the examples of Turkey were given. On the other hand, one of the biggest obstacles in front of urban regeneration is the problem of financing. In the thesis, current financing methods and institutions from the world and from Turkey are introduced. In the thesis, the financing ecosystem of infrastructure and urban transformation is introduced due both technological and environmental pressures on financing markets, and a financing model specific to our country is presented through concepts such as sharing economy, economic resilience, digital economy and ecological economy within this ecosystem. Within this model, it is thought that the Shared Ownership model taken from The United Kingdom, specially used in social housing financing through Housing Associations, will set an example for future studies. Keywords: Urban Infrastructure, Urban Regeneration, Social Housing, Housing Associations, Shared Ownership
A study of urban recycling waste and economic investigation
In today's urbanized world, cities have become the primary centers of resource consumption and urban waste regeneration. However, with the acceleration of the urban regeneration process, the issue of managing construction and demolition (C&D) waste has become a major challenge in urban renewal. C&D waste is generated in large quantities worldwide, including in Türkiye. Although it has low environmental impact when compared to other wastes, it is characterized by its high volume and weight. The objective of this thesis is to manage urban regeneration wastes effectively to prevent resource wastage, protect the environment, and save money. The aim of the study involves creating a waste hierarchy, separating the wastes at their source through selective disposal, ensuring that the wastes are recovered and reused in a zero-waste cycle, and developing a management model with calculation cost tables for a small area. This study also includes a statistical assessment of urban regeneration in Türkiye, a strategy for the ministry and municipalities on how to manage C&D waste, and an economic analysis of recycled materials. In recent years, there has been an increase in awareness about sustainability and resource management, and Türkiye has started exploring the reuse of C&D waste materials for the circular economy and zero waste approach (reducing, reusing, and recycling). The study indicated that Türkiye has the potential to save significant amounts of money every year through recycling: up to 31% from concrete, 33% from reinforcing bar, 24% from glass, and 16% from timber. The current study provides guidance for C&D waste businesses, the recycling procedure, and the role of recycling waste in the circular economy. Keywords: Urban regeneration, construction, demolition, waste, recycling, economy
Use of geographical information system for the evaluation of some geotechnical properties in Batman, Türkiye
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a collection of data that offers features such as analyzing geographical data, querying, visualization, statistical analysis, and spatial analysis. Within the scope of construction areas and urban planning, GIS is used in digital mapping studies, allowing for more effective examination, interpretation, conclusion, and planning of data. This study aims to minimize risks emerging from geotechnical problems, specifically seismic site effects and soft soil properties. Soil survey reports, field and laboratory test results obtained from the archives of Batman Municipality's Directorate of Zoning and Urbanization were used during the study. Geological, geophysical, and geotechnical data obtained from 253 borehole logs within a region of approximately 54 km² of the Central District of Batman Province were analyzed using GIS Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method. Engineering properties of soils were examined according to various depths (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 7.5, 9.0 and 15.0) in the study area. The study included a standard penetration test (SPT), bearing capacity, groundwater level, consistency limits, shear wave velocity (VS), site dominant vibration period (T0), and soil classification analyses according NEHRP, EUROCODE-8 and TDBY2018 earthquake regulations. The blow number of the standard penetration test (SPT-N) range from 4 to 50. A total of 1398 soil samples are classified into nine different groups (CH, CL, GC, GM, GW, GW-GM, SC, SM and SW-SM) over a large area. The soil classification clearly indicates that clayey soil samples make up 89% of the study area, demonstrating their dominance. The analysis of shear wave velocity data at a depth of 30 meters revealed that the soil classes in the study area can be categorized as C and B according to the NEHRP and TBDY2018 classification or B and A according to EUROCODE-8. These soil classes are important for evaluating the seismic characteristics of the soil in the study area. Furthermore, the soil in the northern region of Batman is typically loosely packed, while other areas have medium to dense soil. Also, the proximity to the Batman River results in increased groundwater levels and low bearing capacity. In addition, water level beneath the ground ranges from 3.0 to 15 meters, but the highest percentage of water content is found at a depth of 1.5 meters, with a percentage reaching up to 41%. Finally, certain areas in Batman have alluvial soils and a high groundwater level, which increases the risk of liquefaction during earthquakes and for further studies it is crucial to identify and map these areas in the region.
A mapping study of geotechnical soil properties of Tunceli province centre using GIS
The utilization of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is highly significant in engineering projects as it improves efficiency, saves time, and reduces costs. GIS plays a crucial role in various tasks such as map-ping land data, storing and analyzing data, and facilitating information sharing. By integrating maps, data, and analytical capabilities, engineers benefit from enhanced visualization, accessibility, and shareability of project outcomes, ultimately leading to improved project quality. Understanding soil properties is fundamental in the planning, construction, and long-term safety of buildings and infrastructure. It involves determining factors like soil bearing capacity, susceptibility to liquefaction, shear wave velocity, and making informed decisions about soil selection based on these properties. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of geotechnical soil data, laboratory test results, and geological information from 96 borehole sites was conducted. The focus was on examining SPT-N values at different depths of the boreholes (3.0, 4.5, 7.5, 9.0, and 15 m) commissioned by the Tunceli Municipality Urban and City Planning Provincial Director for urban planning purposes. Geotechnical maps were created using ArcGIS software by calculations derived from borehole data, laboratory soil tests, and geophysical testing results. Various assessments, mapping activities, and analyses were carried out, including evaluations of SPT-N values, bearing capacity, shear wave velocity, soil amplification, dominant vibration period, and soil classifications based on earthquake codes such as NEHRP, EUROCODE8, and TBDY-2019. The study findings revealed a prevalence of SPT-N values exceeding 35 within the study area. Soil bearing capacity assessments were conducted using the Terzaghi & Peck and Meyerhof calculation methods, yielding a range of 300-600 kN/m2. Notably, lower bearing capacity values were observed at a depth of 1.5 meters in certain areas such as the central, eastern, Cumhuriyet, Moğultay, and Atatürk neighborhoods. Furthermore, a liquefaction risk was identified in the central part of the study area, encompassing Atatürk, Cumhuriyet, and Moğultay neighbor-hoods, while the remaining areas were classified as having "non-liquefiable" soils. Shear wave velocity calcula-tions conducted at a depth of 30 meters yielded values ranging from 286 m/s to 1271 m/s. It is important to acknowledge that any inaccuracies in the geotechnical borehole data could impact the results of the study, as the analysis assumes that the data collected is both valid and representative. Keywords: Tunceli, mapping, GIS, SPT, geotechnics.
Erdemli-Silifke-Taşucu tünel projesinin RMR ve Q tünel destek sistemleriyle incelenmesi üzerine bir çalışma
The natural rock mass, unlike other engineering materials, is formed in a specific geological setting and consists of different combinations of rocks and structural planes with varying properties. Due to the complexity of the rock mass, it is categorized into different classes based on rock mass quality and stability in accordance with engineering knowledge and experience. The geomechanically strength parameters required for tunnel projects are determined through geological assessments along the tunnel route and laboratory experiments. In order to mathematically model the behavior of rock masses, strength and deformation parameters are determined using relationships derived from rock mass rating systems, the concept of Geological Strength Index (GSI), and values found in literature. Variables for tunnel excavations and support system designs using empirical and analytical methods are identified by analyzing all the information gathered from the field. This study focuses on the agreement between a numerical model, developed to address stability issues encountered during the construction of the T-8 Tunnel, and the actual case. The finite element (FE) analysis method is employed to examine the model and support systems used in the rock masses between the T-8 Tunnel South Tube (Km: 175+640-175+950) and the T-8 Tunnel North Tube (Km: 175+700-176+084) sections of the Erdemli - Silifke - Taşucu 13th Zone. Geological and geotechnical studies were conducted during tunnel face excavations, resulting in the preparation of Tunneling Quality Index (Q) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) rock classifications, as well as deformation measurements. The compatibility between predicted support systems in the numerical model and the actual implementation is analyzed. Tunnel support systems are determined based on existing geological and geotechnical data. It has been observed that the estimated model is compatible with the geological structure encountered during excavation and is supporting the construction. Since no revision was required in the support systems envisaged during the tunnel excavation, the numerical model was validated and found to be successful. Keywords: Tunneling, rock classifications, tunnel support systems, numerical modeling.
Şanlıurfa'daki bazı geoteknik özelliklerin CBS kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a database that offers functions such as analyzing geographic data, querying, statistical analysis, visualization, and spatial analysis. GIS is an important tool for zoning and settlement planning, allowing for more effective examination, research, interpretation, conclusion, and data planning. In this thesis, the goal is to minimize soil-related risks using databases and geotechnical maps created with GIS. The study utilizes geotechnical survey reports, field and laboratory test results obtained from the archives of the Şanlıurfa Municipality Directorate of Planning and Urbanization. Geographical information system methods were used to analyze geological, geophysical, and geotechnical data from 535 drilling points within the borders of Şanlıurfa Central District. Soil properties were examined in different regions of the study area, focusing on rock quality designation (RQD), compression (Vp) and shear wave (Vs) velocities, poisson ratio (υ), seismic velocity ratio (Vp/Vs), unconfined compression strength (UCS), density (ρ), maximum shear modulus (Gmax), dynamic elastic modulus (Ed), and bulk modulus (K). Maps of the study area were created using the Inverse Distance Weighted Method (IDW) and the ArcGIS software, enabling more effective and efficient use of geotechnical data in engineering studies. The study shows that the neighborhoods of Çamlıyayla, Direkli, and Ahmet Yesevi have high rock quality designation, reaching up to 19.71%. The soil density in the central district of Şanlıurfa varies between 1.67 and 2.03 g/cm3. The lowest shear wave velocity values are found in the western part of the study area and in Atakent, Çamlıyayla, and Güllübağ neighborhoods, ranging from 469 to 721 m/sec. The Vp/Vs ratio in the southeastern part of Şanlıurfa's central district, particularly in Direkli and Ahmet Yesevi neighborhoods, ranges from 1.83 to 2.12. Unconfined compression strength throughout the central district of Şanlıurfa varies between 1.66 MPa and 10.29 MPa. The study highlights the high rock strength in the southeastern region, with the eastern region exhibiting very high rock strength. Key Words: Şanlıurfa, geotechnics, shear wave velocity, unconfined compression strength, GIS, mapping.
Geoteknik veri işleme ve haritalandirmada CBS kullanimi: Antakya örneği
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a data collection tool that offers various features, including the analysis, querying, visualization, statistical analysis, and spatial analysis of geographical data. In the context of construction areas and urban planning, GIS is used for digital mapping studies, allowing for a more effective examination, interpretation, conclusion, and planning of data. The aim of this study was to mitigate risks associated with geotechnical issues, specifically seismic site effects and weak soil properties. To conduct the study, geotechnical survey reports and field and laboratory test results from the archives of the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanisation of Antakya were utilized. In an area of approximately 110 km² within the Central District of Antakya Province, geological, geophysical, and geotechnical data from 221 borehole logs were analyzed using the GIS Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method. Engineering properties of the soils were examined at various depths (1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0) within the study area. The analyses conducted included the standard penetration test, bearing capacity, groundwater level, consistency limits (LL, PL and PI), shear wave velocity, and soil classification based on NEHRP, EUROCODE-8, and TDBY2018 earthquake regulations. The standard penetration test (SPT-N) indicated blow numbers ranging from 2 to 50. A total of 1680 soil samples were classified into five different groups (CH, CL, MH, SC, and SM), with clayey soil samples dominating 91% of the study area. Shear wave velocity analysis at a depth of 30 meters categorized the soil classes as B and C according to the EUROCODE-8 classification, or C and D according to NEHRP and TDBY2018, indicating their importance in evaluating the seismic characteristics of the soil. The bearing capacity ranged from 0.2 to 6.6 kg/cm2 for the first 1.5-meter depth, increasing as depth increased and ranging from 0.4 to 11 kg/cm2. The study area also included flood-prone areas surrounding Amik Lake and river flood-prone areas, with groundwater levels fluctuating between 1 and 10 meters. The predominant geological composition in the Antakya region consists of Quaternary alluvial fill, comprising clay, silt, and sand. These alluvial materials tend to amplify ground motions during earthquakes, emphasizing the importance of identifying and mapping such areas for further studies. Keywords: Antakya, GIS, geotechnics, geophysics, mapping.
Elazığ-Sürsürü mahallesinin deepsoil yazılımı kullanılarak deprem tepki analizi
Earthquakes are a natural occurrence that can have a significant impact on millions of people worldwide each year. Türkiye is situated in one of the most seismically active regions in the world and has experienced numerous destructive earthquakes in recent decades. Elazig, a province in Turkey, is located in an area prone to high seismic activity. On January 24, 2020, the Elazig-Sivrice district was struck by a powerful earthquake measuring Mw=6.8 at 20:55 local time. Tragically, this event resulted in extensive destruction, including structural damage and loss of life. This study aims to present findings and results regarding the earthquake's seismic impact. The objective is to minimize the impact of future earthquakes and provide recommendations based on seismic parameters. Significant structural damage occurred in the Elazig-Sürsürü Neighborhood, primarily composed of young sediments classified as brown gravelly sandy clay, with a groundwater table located below a depth of 15 meters. In order to conduct this study, geotechnical and geophysical data about the Sürsürü Neighborhood were collected from 72 boreholes to create an idealized soil profile. The investigation was conducted in two stages. Initially, seismic site response analyses were carried out using DEEPSOIL (7.0) software. Subsequently, the collected seismic parameters were used to create seismic site zoning maps using geographic information system (GIS). Additionally, this study aimed to create maps of site dominant vibration period (T0), shear wave velocity (Vs30), and velocity ratio (Vp/Vs). Finally, a seismic hazard assessment specific to the Elazig-Sürsürü Neighborhood was developed as part of the study's conclusions. The results indicated that the groundwater level in the area varies between 3 meters and 16 meters, with some areas having no encountered groundwater. Based on the NEHRP soil classification, the study area is predominantly composed of Class D soils, with occasional areas of Class C soils. The soil types in the Sürsürü Neighborhood primarily consist of CL (low plasticity clay), occasionally CH (high plasticity clay), SM (medium plasticity silt), and SM (silty sand). The shear wave velocity ranges from 190 to 365 m/sec, the Vp/Vs ratio from 1.9 to 3.45, and T0 from 0.47 to 0.66. The highest ground amplification among the 11 earthquakes analyzed was calculated as 4.3 in the Coyote earthquake, while the lowest ground amplification was calculated as 0.71 in the Kobe earthquake. It is important to note that inaccuracies in the geotechnical borehole data used may impact the study's findings, as the collected data were assumed to be valid and representative throughout the analysis. Keywords: Earthquake, Elazığ, Deepsoil, site effect, spectrum analysis, soil amplification, mapping.
Geoteknik mühendisliğinde yapı bilgi modellemesi (BİM)
The rapid and continuous urbanization during the 20th century has led to an increase in man-made geohazards. Insufficient geological information and uncertainties in geological and geotechnical models have contributed to this problem. As a result, it is essential to assess geohazards in specific areas before undertaking civil engineering projects. Geospatial data plays a crucial role in the planning and management of civil facilities. Traditional Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been used as tools for storing, manipulating, and analyzing spatial and geographic data. However, recent advancements in methods and technologies have transformed the methodologies and processes of the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industry. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has gained popularity as an integrated digital model that complements the traditional planning approach. This study focuses on the integration of BIM and GIS with geotechnical/geological modeling (GeoBIM), which presents several challenges. The goal is to explore different integration strategies and establish a preferred workflow based on specific requirements and preference parameters. The foundation of GeoBIM is a versatile and comprehensive database that can handle digital geotechnical data seamlessly throughout the entire design process of underground infrastructure projects, eliminating the need for manual transformations. It is important to note that the accuracy of the database is crucial, as any inaccuracies may impact the study's outcomes. To address this, 3-D geological models are increasingly used to characterize ground engineering. Examining soil, rocks, and geological structures through a 3-D view proves highly effective in geotechnical design and construction to optimize costs and minimize damage and risks caused by unforeseen ground conditions. Technological advances continually reshape modeling and integration workflows. However, the proposed evaluation framework in this study is universal and adaptable for any new integration approach. Further research is needed to minimize attribute data losses and enhance interoperability between systems and professionals. Keywords: BIM, GIS, database, geotechnics, geospatial interoperability.