Colonialism
91 theses under this subject heading
A new historicist approach to Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal" and A Tale of A Tub
The purpose of this thesis is to discuss how the British society and political approach of the kingdom in the course of eighteenth-century is criticized by Jonathan Swift employing the genre satire. The thesis is aimed at explaining his critical perspective by means of providing pertinent background information and carrying out new historicist analysis of "A Modest Proposal" and A Tale of a Tub. The reader is provided with information about some fractions of the author's life and the eighteenth-century as well as the genre satire and the works of Jonathan Swift. It has been discussed that Swift criticizes the mentality of the society of his age and major political doctrines of the era making extensive use of the satire genre. In A Tale of a Tub, Swift underlines the political, social, religious, and economic subjugation England exercised over Ireland in the last decades of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth centuries. Swift, in "A Modest Proposal", points out the colonial practices of England on Ireland. He lays emphasis on the indifference of the people in ruling and upper-class Ireland regarding the colonial practices of England. By suggesting cannibalism as an alternative solution to Ireland's monetary problems, he chooses to reflect his concern ironically in his pamphlet using literary techniques such as irony, parody, and allegory. On a larger scale, Jonathan Swift aims at attacking the universally-shared human emotions and aspirations like arrogance and greediness. It has been observed that even though his original purpose is to berate and reform the people of his age, Jonathan Swift proves himself to be an influential writer in any age through the use of satire.
Examining David Greig's plays in terms of post-colonialism
Postcolonial studies are one of the areas that have been on the rise since the Second World War. The source of these works is literary and cultural studies. One of the starting point elements of postcolonial studies is the situation of the victims. Rather than being interpreted from the eyes of the West, the events that have taken place are intended to be reflected from the eyes of the countries that have gained independence through the process of decolonization. The countries covered by these studies are usually Third World countries such as Asia and Africa. Although the decolonization processes of newly independent countries have been discussed in these studies, the United States is one of the countries covered in this field. The reason for this is that the end of the colonial period is effective. The postcolonial works also address the spiritual fatigue of nations, racism they are subjected to, the problems of identity, the pressures they are subjected to, the material situation of the people and the discrimination. It contributes to the explanation of all these problems by going to the root. 20. century. in the light of postcolonial studies, which have gained importance since the middle, racism activities started with slavery in American societies connected to internal colonialism, African Americans identity problems and civil rights are acquired through some famous works. One of the names that feature postcolonialism in his works is David Greig. This is clearly seen in works like "Europes, Damascus". Greig, who deals with the philosophical, psychological, literary and sociological situations that colonialism left behind, includes the exploited countries and the people living in these countries with a postcolonial ecocritical perspective.
Representing the unrepresentable: Postcolonial trauma and identity in Toni Morrison's Beloved and Tomson Highway's Kiss of the Fur Queen
This thesis offers an in-depth examination of the novels, Toni Morrison's Beloved (1987) and Tomson Highway's Kiss of the Fur Queen (1998), focusing on their poignant portrayal of postcolonial and racial trauma. Central to the analysis is an exploration of trauma in literature and psychoanalysis, particularly through a Freudian lens, as well as the periods of postcolonialism and racial identity. The research probes into how these literary works articulate issues surrounding trauma and the ensuing identity crisis. Primarily, it centers on the depiction of victimization experienced by African American and North Indian American communities, including dehumanizing actions. The novel Beloved is scrutinized in relation to the expression of African American grief and melancholia, along with an interpretation of Lacan's concept of 'jouissance'. On the other hand, the novel Kiss of the Fur Queen is examined from the perspective of indigenous cultural spirit. The goal of this study is to illustrate how both novels integrate past experiences that have not been completely assimilated into the psychical characters, signifying the suppressed aspects of their identity. Keywords: Colonialism, Identity, Trauma
Irak'ta İngiliz sömürgeciliği ve anti-kolonyal milliyetçilik, 1918-1920
Bu tez, 1918-1920 yılları arasında İngilizlerin Irak'ta sömürge idaresi tesisi sürecini Avrupa-merkezcilik, modern Batı sömürgeciliği ve anti-kolonyal milliyetçi direniş kavram ve olguları ekseninde incelemektedir. Milliyetçilik teorilerinin Avrupa-merkezciliğini de eleştirel odağına alan tezin dayandığı birincil kaynaklar ise İngiliz arşivlerinden 1918-1920 yılları arasında Irak'a dair yayımlanmış belgelerdir. Yayımlanmış İngiliz arşiv belgelerinin söylem analizi yoluyla bu tezde Irak'taki sömürge-karşıtı milliyetçi direniş ve 1920 Irak İsyanı'nın İngiliz sömürge siyasetini nasıl şekillendirdiğine ışık tutulmaktadır. Irak'ta İngiliz sömürgeci idaresinin tesis edildiği süreçteki İngiliz sömürgeci söylemini analiz etmede elzem görünen kavramsal ve teorik çerçeve iki özellikle öne çıkmaktadır. Tezin ikinci bölümünde gösterileceği gibi, sömürgeciliğin meşrulaştırılmasının bir aracı olarak kullanılıp günümüzde egemen tarih anlatısını ve coğrafya tasavvurunu belirleyen perspektif Avrupa-merkezciliktir. Tezin üçüncü bölümünde milliyetçilik teorilerindeki Avrupa-merkezcilik eleştirilerek, Irak'taki İngiliz karşıtı direnişin de anti-kolonyal milliyetçilik çerçevesinde yorumlanmasının isabetli olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Tezin dördüncü ve son bölümünde ise İngiliz sömürgeci söylemi ve Irak anti-kolonyal milliyetçi direnişinin yayımlanmış İngiliz arşiv belgeleri aracılığıyla izleri sürülmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Avrupa-merkezcilik, İngiliz sömürgeciliği, Irak, anti-kolonyal milliyetçilik, 1920 İsyanı.
New culturalism and a critical analysis on post-colonial identity
This study primarily aimed to analyze post-colonialist seemingly polarized sides of the oppressor/oppressed from close perspectives and discussed related nested concepts with their own paradoxal conceptualizations. The first chapter of the research necessarily mentioned about the internalized areas of interior and exterior colonial discourses, additionally about their inclusive politics to see the space between what was cultural practice and what was colonial experience. The second chapter attempted to analyze schismatic tendencies based on ethnicity, race, language, social status and hybrid identities in colonial representations. The last chapter aimed to decode the colonial process focusing on sub-identities and power relations. Consequentially, it put forth the need of a new reading of identity labeled as `New-Culturalism? (my conceptualization). It doesn?t intent to legalize, label or deny the process of Western identity formation. It also doesn?t reflect a plain objectiveness; above all, it aims to be in the process of sense-making that will hopefully serve to humanity to what we are indebted.
Imperialism, orientalism and post - coloniality in modern British literature
In this thesis study, the colonial representations of the colonizer and the colonized are examined in the two important literary works in English Literature, namely Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and A Passage to India by E. M. Forster. Together with these, the attitudes of these two writers towards imperialism and colonialism are scrutinized in the light of their above-mentioned books and the secondary sources related to the issue. In the colonial discourse and accordingly in the above literary works, the colonizer is usually represented as the superior race that has positive qualities which the colonized do not have. The colonized is shown as the inferior race that has various negative qualities, so that the colonized is the Other and the colonizer is not. At the same time, it is seen that the colonizer's attitudes and behavior may be better towards the colonized when the latter mimics back toward the former. However, even if colonized natives mimic the colonizer as in Bhabha's mimicry, they become like the colonizer, but not quite. The colonized becomes the mimic of the colonizer, but not quite, so the former is both the mimic of the colonizer and not like the colonizer himself or cannot be like him with all of his privileges. In other words, the colonized is neither the original native anymore after the mimicking process nor like the original colonizer himself with all his superior qualities, so the colonized's situation and thus colonial situations and representations are ambivalent and this negates the power of colonial representations. As has been shown in the literature in the field and especially in Forster's A Passage to India, the colonized must commit an error, do something excessively or have a lack in something so that the colonizer could keep their supremacy and thus their colonial authorityover the colonized. While these main issues of representation are examined, the effects of imperialism and colonialism upon the colonized, the colonizer, the animals, the plants, nature, and the environment are also reflected and explored in this study. As a result,it has been seen that the negative consequences of imperialism and colonialism have affected all the parties, whether the colonizer or the colonized, the animals or the people, the plants or the environment. The attitudes of the writers of the two above books towards imperialism and colonialism are also delineated as the other main issue. Considering the evidence from the texts of the above two books and the secondary sources, the colonial representations of the colonizer and the colonized that these writers use in their above-mentioned books, can be said to be utilized both as a criticism of these imperialistand colonialist representations by showing their awareness of these stereotypes and as a background for their novels which is familiar to the reader of those imperial and colonial days. In this way, the criticism of these two books on imperialism and colonialism would appear milder to the readership in their period of publication in the era of imperialism and colonialization while at the same time it would make the readers more aware of the detrimental and painful effects of imperialism and colonialism on the colonized, the colonizer, animals, plants, nature, and the environment.
Colonization in Chinua Achebe's novels things fall apart and no longer at ease
Many novels display an intense interest in culture, traditions and the conflict between two different cultures. Colonization is a topic which is also a major concern of contemporary literary criticism and cultural history at large. The present study is concerned with the issue of Colonization in Chinua Achebe's novels Things Fall Apart (1958) and No Longer at Ease (1960). Chinua Achebe's novels are important to the emergent principle of modern African literature. His novels provide an image of an African society, represented both as a living entity and in its historic circumstance. He also provides an image of a social structure modelling the institutional foundation of the re-establishing of African meanings and values. This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one which is the introduction examines the reasons behind writing this study and review of the literature which illustrates the approaches and arguments of scholars and authors in this area. Chapter Two has three sections. Section one is devoted to uncovering the process of colonization, and its impact. In Section Two the topic of colonialism is discussed in relation to its role in creating the idea of culture diversity. Since the issue of colonization is related to identity, Section Three is devoted to tackling this important issue. Chapter Three is dedicated to the study of Chinua Achebe's novel, Things Fall Apart. It also has three sections. Section One is dedicated to a discussion of the issue of colonization in the novel, while Section Two is concerned with the relationship between the colonized and colonizer. Section Three examines the issue of racism in the novel. Chapter Four of the study examines Achebe's novel, No Longer at Ease. As in the other chapters it is also divided into three sections. The first maps the clash between traditions in the novel. The second section studies the conflict of identities. The last section of this chapter is dedicated to dealing with self-destructive tendencies in the novel. Chapter Five concludes the thesis summing up the findings of the study, and is followed by a list of consulted.
The crisis of identity in postcolonial literature
During the second half of the twentieth century a new era arose when many countries gained independence, transitioning from colony to country. According to literary critics and theorists, the term "postcolonial" is defined as all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day. Colonialism has had an immeasurable influence on history of the world, societies and individuals. It has penetrated the larger issues of culture, race, gender, and identity. Most themes that postcolonial theory and literature deal with are race, gender, ethnicity, identity and culture. One of the controversial issues of post colonialism is the question of identity and culture. In the modern world with the increase of immigrant numbers, hybrid nations, and constitutions of countries with different cultural diversities, the question of identity came to the surface. Theorists have paid a great attention to identity issues. Franz Fanon's argued about the consequences of colonialism and the change formed by the experience of immigration. For Edward Said, the central point of identity construction is the ability to resist and to recreate oneself as a postcolonial, anti-imperialist subject. At the same time, postcolonial novelists especially writers in former British colonies attracted the attention of readers and literary prizes. These novelists exposed and expressed the conditions of identity crises that emerged in postcolonial period. Their novels rarely avoided or escaped from the presence of Diasporas and exile and matters connected to identity. Chapter 1 of this thesis introduces the study and a brief account of the meaning and historical background of the term "postcolonial"; it also sheds light on some important issues of postcolonialism and its most commonly discussed terms, such as diaspora, hybridity, and displacement. In addition, it explains the nature of the novel and of the period and its emergence, figures and characteristics. The theoretical approach of the dissertation is discussed in Chapter 2, which explains briefly postcolonial theory, and then investigates outstanding theorists, Stuart Hall, Fanon, Said, Bhabha, Bill Ashcroft, Eduard Glissant, and others. These theorists have given greater attention to explaining identity crisis in the postcolonial era because of its importance in the complexity surfaced after colonialism. Chapter 2 also argues the value of identity as a thematic subject in the postcolonial period and literature. The chapter's main discussion focuses on the theorists' arguments about identity in the postcolonial world and their views about the construction of identity in former colonized countries. In particular, they note immigrants from postcolonial countries who suffered the diasporas and the dilemma of constructing a coherent identity. Chapter 3 is devoted to analyzing the novel The Lonely Londoners (1956), by the Trinidadian author Sam Selvon, and its connections to postcolonial theory, especially Fanon and Said, whose have discussed identity, homelessness, and the diasporas of the Caribbean immigrants in the postcolonial period. Chapter 3 also examines The Lonely Londoners as a textual space concerned with picturing the specific experiences of a marginalized and diasporic group of individuals encountering the colonial "centre" of London. Chapter 4 analyzes the crisis of identity in Nobel Prize-winner Naipaul's The Mimic Men (1967). The chapter derives its argument from postcolonial theorists Fanon and Said arguments about mimicry and the crisis of identity felt by Naipaul's protagonist. The discussion shows the impact of colonialism on individual ambivalence and the loss of identity and how this leads to an imitation of the colonizer's identity. Chapter 5 also shows the findings of the study, arrived at from the above postcolonial novels and analyzed according to arguments of postcolonial theories in issues of the identity crisis. The conclusion shows how pro-colonized people faced their crisis of identity as a dilemma, ascribed to the impact of colonial tradition; the history of colonialism weighed heavily even on immigrants who became citizens of colonizer countries. Finally, the strategy of colonial power has had an effective influence on colonized people losing their sense of identification and becoming mimics of their host countries and while remaining with a sense of homelessness.
Defragmentation of social genocide in A Bend in the River by V. S. Naipaul and A Grain of Wheat by Ngugi Wa Thiong'o
This dissertation aims to state "social genocide" term in post-colonial era and analyse them in the selected works, in the order of; A Bend in the River by V. S. Naipaul and A Grain of Wheat by Ngũgĩ Wa Thiong'o. In this respect, the perspectives of the two writers about colonisation, imperialism and social genocide are examined in the light of their other works and other sources related to the topic. In the analysed literary works, the coloniser is shown as the superior force and the basic structure of the social genocide because of their subhuman wills. As the initiation and the source of these aims, the Industrial Revolution is examined in the first place. The Industrial Revolution was a turning point in the world and it caused several major changes for each society during its time and afterwards. Even though it brought many benefits to England, it also ended up with harsh conditions for its own society. On the other hand, the thought of having an endless power created a way for Europeans to have an idea of possessing other regions with this power and brought colonisation to African countries. However, colonisation did not remain only as a policy and did not bring civilisation to the countries as it was claimed. It changed the lives, culture, language and traditions of the indigenous people. Furthermore, this practice brought about genocide but not only physically, but also socially and psychologically because the destruction of a society's culture means destroying that society which leads to social genocide. All these perspectives of colonisation and the results of it as a social genocide are narrated in the works of V. S. Naipaul and Ngugi Wa Thiong'o. V. S. Naipaul demonstrates both the colonisation and neocolonialism periods by the characters and the themes in A Bend in the River. By the characters he embodies the colonisation and in this way as a result of it, social genocide is clearly seen from each perspective. In another perspective, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o describes colonisation by narrating only four days before the independence of Kenya. However, these four days express all the incidents and the hardships of indigenous people caused by colonisation, and thereby, this work goes beyond its time. Considering all the evidences from these two novels and the secondary sources, colonial periods, the effects of colonisation, the roles of the coloniser and the colonised and social genocide as a result of colonisation are examined in this study.
Hybrid languages and their translations in the light of postcolonial translation theories: Camfranglais example
ABSTRACT Hybrid languages hold a significant place in the multicultural countries, especially in formerly colonized nations. Individuals who are from formerly colonized countries speak hybrid languages, and they produce art and literature in hybrid languages. Citizens of formerly colonized nations are usually fluent in both their own language and the language of the colonizer because they have a multilingual education system. They are also multicultural as they are exposed to both their own culture and the culture of the colonizer. This situation gives them a chance to create a whole new language by using the language of the colonizer. They also create a third culture and by doing that they make the colonizers foreigners to their own languages and cultures. This is how they show the colonizer that the tables now have turned, and they have the upper hand. These colonized individuals represent their identities through the hybrid languages and cultures. Camfranglais, a hybrid language which is spoken in Cameroon, is an impeccable example. In 1970s young people of Cameroon started to use Camfranglais to be able to keep secrets from their parents and since then it became a commonly used language. In today's Cameroon writers and artists use Camfranglais as a tool for resistance against the colonizer. Peter Wuteh Vakunta is one of the writers who uses Camfranglais in this poetry. In this dissertation, his translations from Camfranglais to English will be discussed and as the case study of the dissertation, one of his poems will be translated into Turkish. For the theoretical framework views of scholars such as Antoine Berman, Lawrence Venuti, Gayatri Spivak, Tejaswini Niranjana, Samia Mehrez, Edward Said and Frantz Fanon will be discussed in the dissertation. One of the main objectives of this dissertation is to shed a light on the importance of hybrid languages for formerly colonized nations and why it is important to translate the works which have been written in hybrid languages such as Camfranglais. Translation can give the citizens of formerly colonized nations a chance to make their voices heard from all around the world, translation can shape the future, and can be used as a tool of resistance. One of the other objectives of this dissertation is to question the possibilities of translation of hybrid languages and try to construct a strategy to translate a hybrid language into Turkish. Key Words: Translation, literature, Camfranglais, Post-colonialism, Hybrid languages, colonization.
The evolution of African nationalism from colonialism to independence
This thesis focuses on the development of nationalism ideology in Africa within a period ranging from the colonial era to the period of independence. While addressing the topic, the ethnic and cultural diversity of the African continent is taken into consideration, and the factors influencing the development of nationalism at the continental level are examined, while also providing a broad perspective on the events and individuals who contributed to nationalism in Africa. By highlighting the significant role of nationalism in the liberation movements from colonialism, the thesis predicts that nationalism ideology will continue to play an important role in the future of Africa. By analyzing the periodical developments in the context of nationalism, this thesis provides an opportunity to analyze the current situation of the continent.
Colonial origins of comparative development in Ghana
Can colonial rule explain part of the development divergence between Northern and Southern Ghana? To answer this question, first I relied on precolonial ethnic institutions and other socioeconomic-related variables to empirically prove that the North, which is significantly less developed than the South today, had been relatively more developed than the South in precolonial times. Then I showed that during the colonial period, the North received significantly scant colonial public investments as compared to the South. However, I found that past colonial public investments have robust, permanent positive impact on current development outcomes in Ghana. This suggests that places that received scant colonial investments are comparatively less developed today in Ghana. Lastly, the study found that conditioned on past colonial public investments the current development gap between the two regions reduces considerably. Consequently, the study argues that if the North had received a fair share of colonial investments it would have maintained its precolonial development pace and would have been relatively more developed today.
Ecology, epidemics and the colonial state: Environmental change and health in Eastern Bengal Delta, 1858-1947
The dynamic nature of the ecological regime of eastern Bengal stems from the fact that it is home to the largest delta in the world, the Bengal Delta. Despite its importance, its history has been underrepresented in regional historiography. Iftekhar Iqbal tried to address thisunder-representation by incorporating the category of the ecological in his assessment of the region. An important aspect of Iqbal's scholarship includes the study of how human-induced ecological changes in the Bengal Delta spread water-borne diseases and caused famine. The present study argues that colonial efforts to combat the epidemic disease at Dhaka in eastern Bengal failed due to two reasons. First, the colonial medical institutions and health infrastructure in the nineteenth and early twentieth century Dhaka was disproportionately distributed and remained inadequate and out of the reach of those who needed it most. Second, colonial developmental projects and attitudes leading to the loss of ecological balance in the Bengal Delta contributed to famine-like conditions and hyperendemicity of epidemic disease in the region, which together contributed to higher mortality in the region. This study employs an ecological framework based on dynamic deltaic nature to examineepidemics in assessing the colonial history of the Bengal Delta region. It also uses the notion of the Delta as a broader 'zone of anomaly' in the history of colonial administration of the region. Employing this framework to assess the history of the region, the study concludes that colonial policies that neglected ecological concerns in the delta were directly responsible for failure in eradicating epidemics in eastern Bengal during the colonial period.
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje'nin hayatı, alan çalışmaları ve düşünceleri
Bu çalışmada, Hollandalı oryantalist Snouck Hurgronje'nin (1857-1936) hayatı, oryantalist düşünce yapısı ve akademik-politik alanlarda gerçekleştirdiği çalışmalarda izlediği yol ele alınmaktadır. Özellikle eğitim hayatı, Mekke'ye yaptığı seyahati ve günümüzde Endonezya olarak bilinen Hollanda sömürge yönetimi altındaki Takımadalar'da verdiği danışmanlık süreci ön plânda tutulmaktadır. Aynı zamanda, Takımadalar'daki faaliyetleri ile bağlantılı olarak Hollanda'nın istila girişiminde bulunduğu Açe Darüsselam Sultanlığı ile Osmanlı Devleti arasındaki ilişkiler ve Pan-İslamcı politika da bu çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilmektedir. Ele alınan bu konular doğrultusunda, modern İslam çalışmalarının kurucularından biri olarak anılan bu ismin Leiden Üniversitesi'ndeki eğitim yapısı incelenerek ortaya koyduğu akademik ve siyasî faaliyetlerinin anlaşılması hedeflenmektedir. Bu çerçevede, Snouck Hurgronje'nin İslam'a ve Müslümanlara yaklaşımı değerlendirildiğinde akademik çalışmalarda benimsediği rasyonel metot ile Avrupa akademisinde önemli bir yer edindiği anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca, Osmanlı Devleti'nin kendisinden oldukça uzak bir bölge olan Takımadalar'daki Müslümanlarla ilişkisi ve bu ilişkilerde temel rol oynayan Pan-İslamcı politikanın Hollanda sömürge yönetimi üzerindeki etkilerinin önemi görülmektedir.
French policy of Ottoman Syria during the Third Republic Era, 1870-1924
In this thesis, the French policy towards Ottoman Syria during the Third Republic Era between 1870-1924 is analysed. This thesis aims to demonstrate the main characteristics of pre and the post-war expectation of France over Ottoman Syria after the break-out of World War I. This thesis focuses on that the post-war expectations of France related to the Ottoman Empire and province of Syria based on its position as the traditional protector of Christians as well as the large-scale economic investment in the Ottoman Empire, France's mission of bringing civilization to Levant and an attempt to reinstate France's prestige and honour were at stake after the defeat of Franco-Prussian War in 1870 were also played a significant role. This thesis emphasized that, with the establishing of Third Republic, France started colonial expansion under the Third Republic extending to Syria. The argument here is that the Parti Colonial was one of the most crucial elements of the French political system leading to the occupation of Mandate system in Syria. The thesis concludes that there was political and public mass opposition against the French Mandate in Syria between the years 1920-1924.
Ideology and discourse in cinema: The war of images between Algeria and France
Cinema, history, and politics have a dynamic relation; they are related and intertwined fields. The documentary film, in particular, is an essential historical tool for documenting the political events of countries. For instance, Algeria relied on documentary films to support the popular liberation revolution. Therefore it used cinema to represent the cause and condemn French colonialism by documenting its repression and crimes committed against a people calling for self-determination and independence. The National Liberation Front used Algerian cinema as counter-propaganda against French propaganda films. Algerian films, in turn, refuted the French allegations and decreased their credibility, which undermined its foreign policy and its image in front of the world. These two countries' films remained a witness to the intensity of the conflict and the ferocity of war between the two parties, each side trying to prove its positions and ideologies through cinema. This thesis is based on "Qualitative analysis Research" to examine and analyze the Ideology and discourse in cinema by discussing the crucial historical period in French and Algerian history. The years between 1954-1962 have witnessed brutal events, known as "The Algerian liberation war" or "The Algerian revolution," that remained for decades as a war without a name, unrecognized by the French authorities. This study relies on the approach of "critical discourse analysis" and content analysis methodology in analyzing both the Algerian film and the French film produced in the period of war to compare the opposite ideologies, and the political discourse addressed through cinema by the two countries. Furthermore, studying and analyzing these films is crucial to understand their impact on the people, the turn of events, and history in general and shedding light on how the same issue could be cinematically represented in totally different ways. Keywords: Critical discourse, Ideology, cinema, Algerian war, French Colonialism.
Hybridity and identity crises in Randa Jarrar's a map of home and him, me, Muhammad Ali and Elif Shafak's honor and the Forty Rules of Love
In the many intellectual literary works; hybrid culture and individual identity have a primal role in the age of globalization, the process in which flow of ideas take place constitutes precepts of the global system. Hybridization comes out from the amalgamation of myriad heritance from various cultures of the world. In such a multi-dimensional direction, the crises of identity creeps in deeply. Therefore, the identity of individual springs from the individuals' feelings, aspirations, characters, and motives. These factors are held and practiced by an individual through his life in cultural oversight. This study puts forth and draws inferences from the logical debate between the prevalence of hybrid culture and crises of identity of an individual in the age of globalization in the post-colonial international regime. Post-colonialism reflects the residue of master rulers in colonies held previously. This situation emerged on way of the world after world war-II. The immigration took place at significant quantum which breached the cultural values and presented various impediments for new settlers in different regions of the world. The purpose of the study is to explore the opposing forces of hybrid cultures and identities of the individuals. This translocation often becomes harmonious, whereas on some occasions it creates new breaching points for the security of the individual identities for human beings. This thesis consists of the inferences drawn from two great novels as mentioned aforesaid. The experiences and hard realities of the lives of writers have been accounted for in this textual analysis. Keywords: Post-colonialism, Identity Crises, Hybridity, Home, Orientalism.
The Pantomime adlı tiyatro eserinde postkolonyalizmin etkileri ve sömürgeciliğin ideal adam ütopyası
Postkolonyalizm, dünya varolduğundan beri ikililik olgusu üzerinden medeniyetler çatışmasına dönüşen bir kavram olmuştur. Bu kavram sözde uygar ve medeni Batı dünyasının egzotik ve gizemli Doğu medeniyetini kendi idealleri ve doğruları etrafında yeniden şekillendirme, oryantalist bakış açısıyla sömürmesinden başka bir şey değildir. Keza bunu zaman zaman savaşlar ve yıkıcı işgallerle yapmaktan kaçınmayan Batı, zaman içerisinde yöntem değiştirerek edebiyat, kültür, sanat, siyaset gibi farklı alanlarda ürettiği politikalarla bunu başarma arzusundadır. Bu tezin içeriğinde, postkolonyal yaklaşım detaylı bir şekilde ele alınarak bu yaklaşım farklı açılardan tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca bu yaklaşımın tiyatro eserlerine olan yansıması üzerinde durulmuştur. Ancak tiyatronun spesifik, kapsamlı ve daha çok seyirci odaklı belli bir kitleye hitap ettiği göz önüne alınarak, Türk edebiyatından farklı örnekler üzerinden de inceleme yapılmıştır. Edebiyatta özellikle tiyatro alanında postkolonyalizmin nüfuz ettiği karakterlerin ruh hali ve yine bazı edebi eserlerde oryantalist bakış açısıyla ele alınan olaylar ve kişiler üzerinde de durulmuştur. Tezin oluşturulma ve hazırlanma aşamalarında yazarın iç dünyasına ışık tutulmaya çalışılmıştır. Tezdeki söz konusu eser The Pantomime Karayip kökenli yazar Derek Walcott tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Derek Walcott'ın The Pantomime adlı eserinin tezde bulunma amacı postkolonyalizmin etkisini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu eser ile birlikte karşılaştırması yapılan ve incelenen diğer eserlerde gerek olaylar gerek karakterler üzerinden bu teori incelenmiştir. Türk orta oyunu Hacivat-Karagöz ve Peyami Safa tarafından kaleme alınan ünlü Türk Romanı Fatih-Harbiye 'den de örneklendirmeler yapılmıştır.
Discrimination in the postcolonial period through theanalysis of Nervous Conditions, and the Lonely Londoners
Through depicting the suffering and oppression of man's experiences in colonial backgrounds, postcolonial writers portray the effects of colonial regimes in the dominated and marginalized societies. Some of the writers from postcolonized nations choose to rewrite an integral part of their history, which has been missed. Indeed, Tsitsi Dangarembga and Samuel Selvon are two of the prominent postcolonial writers who demonstrate the successive issues of racism and colonialism. The life of the colonized characters is riddled with subjugation and discrimination; such oppressions play a crucial role in distorting the identity of the Africans during the colonial period. The novelists seek to narrate that racial tension is an influential factor in snatching away the existence of the colonized people and loosening the national integrity of the fellowmen. Colonial Dominations sow the seed of racism because racial discrimination connotes the distinction between superior and inferior, high and low. This thesis targets to discourse the colonial and racial discrimination in The Lonely Londoners by Samuel Selvon and Nervous Conditions by Tsitsi Dangarembga. The novels depict racial discrimination practiced by the colonizers and gender discrimination as significant obstacles for the colonized women Then, language as a critical tool is used by the colonizers in transforming the identity and cultural values of the natives. The research also attempts to explain how the colonizers treat the colonized as the other. The binary opposition is not only between the superior and inferior; but it is inhabited in the human psyche as we see the difference between self and the other.
Cultural reconciliation in Sherman Alexie's flight and the absolutely true diary of a parttime Indian
Multicultural identity is the common feature of global world. Being an individual who seeks to find a place in the modern world requires reconciliation and assimilation into modern multicultural traditions. This study aims to analyze the American Indian's cultural traditions and lifestyle. Post-colonialism has influenced not only black, brown, yellow Americans but also Native American individuals culturally and psychologically. As a result of intercultural conflicts, many socio political problems have appeared on the continent. Native Americans were subjected to the violation and racist applications by the new settlers. Alcoholism and poverty have been the most familiar, endemic problems of American-Indians in the reservation basin. The Religious transformation and assimilation of minorities have appeared as the big problem. Sherman Alexie is the prolific, contemporary, and red skin American author who has grown up in the 'Spokane Indian reservation'. His two young famous novels - Flight and The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian - discuss the chaotic communities in terms of seeking new identities. He masterly, embodies the social problems of the society to expose the painful picture of American Indians using inspired characters from the literary and true stories. He encourages the young generation to eliminate American Indian stereotypes. He always progresses toward cultural identity reconciliation. He draws a clear picture of the problem to the world through these two important novels. The protagonist Zits is a half-Native American orphan in the Flight, Arnold is a protagonist In The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. Both protagonists suffer from poverty and alcoholism inside their reservation. Using the two narratives, Sheman expresses American Indian traumatic life due to colonialism. Through the eyes of two Native vi American teenagers, Alexie demonstrates the struggles for hope and builds red identity in the modern era. Both protagonists seek to reconcile with themselves and other racial groups as well. Keywords : Culture, Reconciliation, American-Indians, Sherman Alexie, Alcoholism, Reservation, Post-Colonialism.
The criticism of Gerald Vizenor on native American identity
The purpose of this study was to examine the criticism of Gerald Vizenor on Native American identity during the colonial period of North American history. Vizenor, in his works, showed the Native American Indians identities, and he used many terms to discuss their Indian-ness. For instance, the term "survivance" was used to criticize that they stayed in a place without knowing anything from the changing of the world in the modern period because that term displayed their stances between "survival" and "resistance." Thus, he confirmed that they have assimilated into the current lives of the modernity. The author also, used a tricky method in his works as a mockery to make critics about them. However, Native Americans were well on their way to being mainstreamed by colonial historians. Whereas, the postmodern critical approach to the literal restructuring of Native American identity in the period of renewal that followed Native America has begun to redesign a new field of assessment. Nontraditional, non-anthropological, poststructuralist critiques continued to explore the relationship between traditional and contemporary experience. ―Survivance‖, a term coined by Native American writer and literary critic Gerald Vizenor, was used to express this situation. In addition, Vizenor's reflection on the survival and resistance of Native Americans as they face the challenges of the world while trying to promote their indigenous identity is reflected in their works. However, Vizenor's postindian identity negotiation is controversial and seems to be far from getting the approval of other critics. Keywords: Gerald Vizenor, Native Americans, Oral Literature, Tribalism, Oral Tradition, Colonialism
Çin'in yumuşak güç stratejisi çerçevesinde Afrika ile olan ilişkileri
Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin son kırk yılda gösterdiği ekonomik gelişim, eşi benzeri olamayan bir kalkınma örneği olarak kayıtlara geçmiştir. Öyle ki bundan elli yıl önce dünya ekonomisi için hiçbir şey ifade etmeyen Çin, artık kendini dünyanın bir numaralı ekonomisi olmaya hazırlamaktadır. Bir ''küresel güç'' olarak gücünü daha fazla artırmanın yollarını arayan Çin, hammadde ve pazar arayışlarını Afrika kıtasında yoğunlaştırmıştır. Kıtanın her ülkesine gitmiş olmasına rağmen zengin kaynakları ve stratejik limanları nedeniyle özellikle Sahra Altı Afrika ülkeleriyle ilgilenmiştir. Batılı ülkelerinin yüzyıllar boyunca sürdürdükleri sömürgecilik faaliyetlerinden dolayı sahip oldukları zenginliği kullanamayan Afrika ülkeleri, son yirmi yılda Çin ile ilişkilerini geliştirerek ekonomik kalkınma, altyapı, sağlık alanlarında önemli aşama kaydetmiştir. Ancak Çin'in kıta genelindeki faaliyetleri kimi yerel kaynaklar ve uluslararası toplumda ''sömürgecilik'' faaliyetleri olarak algılanmıştır. Bu nedenle Çin, gerek kıta genelinde gerekse de uluslararası düzlemde 'Yumuşak Güç' araçlarını aktif bir şekilde kullanarak akılları ve kalpleri kazanmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Çin'in Sahra Altı Afrika'daki yumuşak güç uygulamalarına ve alternatif bir kalkınma modeli olma çabalarına odaklanmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çin, Sahra Altı Afrika, Güç, Yumuşak Güç, Yeni-Sömürgecilik
19. yüzyılda bir uluslararası ilişkiler paradigması olarak ekstra-teritoriyalite: ABD-Japonya örneği (1854-1894)
Bu tezin konusunu, 1850'lerin başından itibaren Pasifik'te balıkçılık ve taşımacılık faaliyetlerini geliştirmesi ile birlikte Doğu Asya'ya ilgisi artan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD)'nin, 1852 yılında Başkan Millard Fillmore'un Kongre'de sömürge elde etme amaçlarının olmadığını vurgulamasına rağmen, Japonya'yı yarı-sömürge durumuna getirmesi oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda yapılan antlaşmalarla birlikte Japonya'nın yarı-sömürge haline gelmesine neden olan Amerika'nın elde ettiği extraterritorial haklar ve bu hakların ABD tarafından nasıl uygulandığı kapsamlı bir incelemeye ve değerlendirmeye tabi tutulacaktır. 19. yüzyıla girilirken uluslararası ilişkilere hakim olan emperyalizm ve ülkelerin uygulamaya koyduğu emperyalist politikalar rekabet ve çıkar çatışmasına neden olmuştur. Kökleri eski çağlara kadar dayanan extraterritoriality ve antlaşmalarla elde edilen extraterritorial haklar ise bu rekabet ortamında devletlere yasal olarak yargı ve ekonomi alanında kendi hukukunu uygulama ve vatandaşlarını koruma garantisi sağlamıştır. Öte yandan, her ne kadar Westpahalia sonrası dönemde egemenlik kavramı sorgulanmaya devam etse de extraterritoriality beraberinde antlaşma sağlanan devletlerin egemenliğinin ihlali şeklinde yorumlanabilir. ABD özelinde ise bu yarı-sömürgeleştirme uygulamasının örneklerini Çin, Japonya, Osmanlı Devleti, Kore, İran ve Tayland (Siam), İran oluşturmaktadır. Öngörülen tez çalışması ile birlikte, 19.yüzyıl'da ABD'nin yarı-sömürgeleştirme uygulaması olarak kullandığı extraterritoriality kavramının ABD hukuku ışığında incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bununla birlikte Japonya özelinde extraterritoriality kavramı ve bu kavram ışığında ABD-Japonya ilişkileri, literatürde üzerinde çok az çalışılan bir konu olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda ise, birinci el arşiv kaynakları ile birlikte ele alınması hedeflenen bu konuya katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır.
Chinua Achebe's novels as the chronicle of colonialism in Nigeria
Colonialism is a noteworthy reality that has shaped the world order throughout history. In cooperation with imperialism, it has dominated various nations and created a mounting antagonism between the colonized and the colonizer. In the course of the colonial history, the British Empire took the lead, and Africa as a continent with dignified nations like Nigeria encountered various unfortunate challenges in all spheres of life. Hence, as a reaction to the profound impacts of colonialism, the term postcolonialism came into prominence. Accordingly, postcolonial theory and criticism emerged to unravel the mysteries of colonialism. Likewise, postcolonial literature was born to cast light upon the realities of the whole colonization process from diverse angles. In this regard, the voice of Africa, Chinua Achebe made a stunning exploration of colonialism through his novels Things Fall Apart, Arrow of God, No Longer at Ease, A Man of the People, and Anthills of the Savannah reflecting the pre-colonial, colonial and postcolonial eras chronologically. His novels and works in general are precious sources of information in the field of postcolonialism. In this respect, employing postcolonial theory and criticism as well as the postcolonial terms ambivalence, hybridity, mimicry, subaltern, and appropriation, this study discusses Achebe's novels in a sensible order with a specific focus on narrative features, culture and indigenous order, identity and characterization. Overall, in doing so with an inductive manner, three basic questions pertaining to the motive behind conducting such a study are answered reasonably. That is, the chronological analysis of Achebe's pentalogy, the use of postcolonial theory and criticism, and revealing Achebe's nation-building journey to help regain dignity as well as writing back to the West to correct the fallacies are the clear answers of the questions 'what', 'how', 'why' respectively.