Afganistan
Bu konu başlığı altında 239 tez
Afganistan'ın ekonomik kalkınmasının önündeki engeller ve çözüm önerileri
Bu çalışmada, ilk olarak Afganistan'ın genel ekonomik durumu gösterilecek ve ardından da Afganistan'ın ekonomik kalkınmasının önünde var olan engellerden bahsedilecektir. Örneğin, 18. yüzyıldan 19. yüzyıla kadar, yaklaşık 150 yıl boyunca İngiltere'nin sömürge faaliyetlerine direnmiş ve her türlü yabancı etkiye kapalı kalmıştır. Son 35 yılda ise müdahale ve iç çatışmalar Afganistan'ın ekonomisini daha fazla tahrip etmiştir. 2001'den sonra ise ülkedeki istikrarsızlıktan dolayı yerli ve yabancı yatırımcılar ülkeye yatırım yapma konusunda isteksiz hale gelmiştir. Ülkenin siyasi istikrarsızlığı ve beraberinde artan Afganistan'ın güvenlik zafiyetleri neticesinde legal sektörler ekonomiden dışlanırken, uluslararası bağlamda illegal olan uyuşturucu üretimi gibi faaliyetler de yaygınlaşmıştır. Oysa ekonomik kalkınma için gerekli unsurlar olan yatırım ve üretim ancak güvenli bir çevrede gerçekleşebilir. Tüm bunların sonucunda ülke yolsuzluk içerisinde yaşamakta ve Afganistan ekonomisi zayıf kalmaya devam etmektedir. Çünkü yolsuzluk birçok yönden ekonomik büyümeyi yavaşlatır. Çalışmada bu konular incelendikten sonra ülkenin ekonomik kalkınması için bazı çözüm önerileri ortaya konulacaktır.
Uluslararası güvenlikte suyun önemi ve Afganistan analizi
Araştırmada uluslararası güvenlikte suyun önemini baz alarak Afganistan'ın su kaynakları üzerindeki bölge ve komşu ülkelerin hakimiyeti incelenmektedir. BM ve AB'nin azalmakta olan tatlı su kaynakları ile ilgili düzenlemeleri sınıraşan, sınır oluşturan ve ortak sulardan çıkan ve çıkmakta olan uyuşmazlıkların giderilmesi hususunda çalışmalarını anlatmaya gayret gösterilmiştir. Kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde sudan anlaşmazlıkların artması ve uluslararası kuruluşların bu düzeyde çalışmaları anlatılmaktadır. Afganistan'ın sınıraşan su kaynakları üzerinden stratejik proje oyunları, bölge ve komşu ülkelerin çıkarı doğrultusundadır. Afganistan'da dış müdahalelerin, istikrarsızlık ve iç savaşın sürdürülmesiyle, altyapı projelerinin engellenmesinin nedenleri açıklanmaktadır. Afganistan'ın komşu ülkeleriyle su'dan anlaşmazlıklarının uluslararası su hukuku çerçevesinde, sınıraşan suların hakça ve makul kullanımı anlatılmaktadır. Afganistan ve bölge ülkeleri arasında sudan savaşın çıkma olasılığı ve hâlihazırda su savaşlarının bölge güvenliği üzerindeki tehdidi ele alınmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Afganistan, Su, Uluslararası Güvenlik, Su Güvenliği, Sınıraşan Sular.
ABD'nin Afganistan müdahalesi; Ülkedeki güven açığı ve istikrarsızlığın analizi
Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği'nin 1989 yılında Afganistan'dan çekilmesinin ardından farklı etnik grupların iktidar mücadelesi başlamıştır. Bu mücadeleden sonuç alınamaması üzerine patlak veren iç savaş ve Taliban'ın 1996 yılında Afganistan'ın yaklaşık yüzde 90'ı üzerinde hakimiyet kurmasına kadar devam etmiştir. Ancak bu durum kurumsallaşmış devlet yapısının tam anlamıyla yok olmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Taliban'ın iktidarda olduğu süreçte ise ülkede modern devlet yapısının varlığından bahsetmek mümkün değildir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 2001 yılında Afganistan'a yaptığı askeri müdahalesiyle birlikte, ülkede Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği'nin işgalinden beri süren istikrarsızlığı daha da derinleştirmiştir. Bu çalışmada; Afganistan'da devam eden istikrarsızlık, güven açığı, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin bölgeye müdahalesi ve etkilerinin analizi yapılmıştır. Afganistan'da yıllardan beri süren istikrarsızlığın derinleşmesine sebebiyet veren faktörlerin neler olduğu sorusunun cevabı aranmaktadır. Afganistan'daki etnik çatışmalar ülkede var olan istikrarsızlığın temelini oluşturuyor. Ülkede Sovyetler'in işgali sonrası başlayan etnik çatışmalar büyük kutuplaşmalara yol açmıştır. Kutuplaşmalar egemen güçlerin müdahale edebilmeleri için bir fırsat olarak değerlendiriliyor. Ayrıca etnik çatışmalar ülkede güçlü bir merkezi devletin egemen olması yönünde ciddi engellere yol açmıştır. Bu nedenle Afganistan'da yolsuzluk ve uyuşturucu ticareti yapan örgütlerin güçlenmesi de istikrarı olumsuz etkilemektedir. Afganistan ile Pakistan arasındaki var olan sınır sorunu da Afganistan'daki merkezi etnik grubun, sınır ötesindeki kabileleri kendi soydaşları olarak gördüklerinden dolayı sınır hattında anlaşmazlıklar yaşanıyor. Bu anlaşmazlıklar ülkedeki mevcut sorunu daha da derinleştirmektedir. Geliştirilen argümanlara göre Afganistan'da Federal devlet sisteminin uygulanması, Çokkültürcülük izlenimine giden yolların serbest olması, Pakistan ile sınır sorunun BM ve/veya İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı gözetiminde çözülmesi ve yabancı aktörlerin ülkeyi terk etmeleri, istikrarsızlığı aşmanın yollarıdır
Soğuk Savaş Dönemi'nde jeopolitik: Türkiye ve Afganistan örnekleri
Batı'nın uluslararası sistemde üstünlüğü ele geçirmesiyle birlikte geri kalan toplumlar, Batı'da yaşanan gelişimi yakalamak için uzun süren bir mücadeleye girişmiştir. Türkiye ve Afganistan, bu doğrultuda, Batı'da başlayan dönüşümü yakalayabilmek için modernleşme deneyimi yaşamışlardır. Mustafa Kemal'in emperyalizme karşı başlattığı Millî Mücadele'nin başarıya ulaşması ve büyük bir modernleşme projesini hayata geçirmesi Afganistan'daki modernleşme hareketlerine de ilham vermiştir. Son birkaç yüzyıldır sömürgeci devletlerin tehditleriyle karşı karşıya kalan her iki ülke Soğuk Savaş Dönemi'nde Sovyet tehdidine maruz kalmışlardır. Türkiye, izlediği politikalarla Sovyet tehdidini bertaraf etmiş; Afganistan ise Sovyet işgaline maruz kalmıştır. Her iki ülkenin de önemli jeopolitik konuma sahip olması çalışma konusu olarak bu konunun seçilmesinde etkili olmuştur. Çalışmamızda önemli bir jeopolitik konuma sahip olmanın ülkelere her zaman avantaj sağlayıp sağlamadığı sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır. Jeopolitikle ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda jeopolitiğin ülkelere sunduğu fırsatlar üzerinde durulmaktadır. Ancak önemli bir jeopolitik konuma sahip olmak ülkeler için her zaman iyi bir fırsat olmayabilmektedir. Önemli bir jeopolitik konuma sahip olan Afganistan, tarih boyunca büyük güçlerin rekabetine maruz kalmış ve savaşların odağı hâline gelmiştir. 19. yüzyıldaki İngiliz-Rus rekabeti ve 20. yüzyıldaki Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) - Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB) rekabeti Afganistan'ın istikrarsız olmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Soğuk Savaş Dönemi, Türkiye'nin jeopolitiği, Afganistan'ın jeopolitiği gibi konularda ayrı ayrı çalışmalar yapılmış olsa da diğer araştırmalardan farklı olarak bu çalışmada Türkiye ve Afganistan örnekleri üzerinden jeopolitik kavramı bütüncül ve karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde jeopolitik kavramının kavramsal ve kuramsal çerçevesi ele alınmış ve önemli jeopolitik teoriler irdelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ABD ve SSCB ekseninde gelişen Soğuk Savaş Dönemi ele alınmış ve bu dönemde kurulan Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü (NATO) ve Varşova Paktı gibi kuruluşlar incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde jeopolitik teoriler çerçevesinde Soğuk Savaş Dönemi'nde Türkiye ve Afganistan örnekleri jeopolitik, ekonomik ve siyasi faktörler üzerinden ayrı ayrı incelenmiş ve sahip oldukları jeopolitik konumlarının ülkelere sunduğu tehdit ve fırsatları değerlendirilmiştir.
Evaluation of taxation in Afghanistan in comparison to Turkey
Tax is an effective way for influencing the behaviours of buyers. This is both an advantage, on account of utilizing Taxes to discourage, or encourage to support the utilization of some goods, additionally a disadvantage as a consequence of the negative motivation impacts that redistributive taxes creates. The support for Tax may be absolutely powerful, when taxation is welfare making strides. Anyway, when the support for tax strategy is in light of contemplation of correspondence countries, the optimal of such tax gets to be more an issue of qualities. It is a also well-established fact that the government bureaucracy in many developing countries is large, difficult to understand, non-transparent and time-conamounting, Afghanistan is also among those countries which experiments a huge bureaucracy, especially in collecting taxes however, procedures sometimes have little to do with how firms or individuals actually go about when dealing with the government bureaucracy. Also a comparison between two countries at different stages of development is always a difficult task. Indeed, drawing lessons from one country does not mean a simple application of procedures that have proved to be successful in a foreign land. In fact, taxation may play the central role in building and sustaining the power of states, and shaping their ties to society. However, is not to claim that taxation is an unambiguously and universally positive activity; much depends on the way in which states and the societies either achieve or fail to negotiate revenue generation. There are only a very limited number of instruments at a government's disposal when it tries to stimulate long-run growth, and one of these instruments is tax system. That is why it's very important to analyze the way in which taxation influence economic growth. This problem is especially vital for the countries suffering very low growth (Afghanistan is among them). Unfortunately, there was no significant change in Afghanistan tax system during past 30 years but the present system needs changing badly, because it lacks both economic efficiency and social equity. Keywords: Taxation, Afghanistan Taxation Policy,Turkey Taxation Policy,Income and Expense Evaulation,GDP and Tax effection in Income.
A comparative analysis of Afghanistan's and Pakistan's processes of state-building
This thesis is a historical and theoretical study of Afghanistan and Pakistan processes of State-Building. In this research, based on the European pioneer model of state building, I am presenting a comparative analysis of Afghanistan and Pakistan state-building processes. The European pioneer states in state buildinghave experienced some trends during the process. Industrialization, Capitalism, Organized Crimes, Nationalism and modernization are the observable trends in European State-Building process. In this thesis, I am taking these trends of European State-Building Process and apply them on Afghanistan's and Pakistan' processes of State-Building. This study paves the way toward better understanding of the attempts of different Afghan and Pakistani governments geared toward the two countries' State-Building process. Throughout my research, I found out that Afghanistan and Pakistan failed to successfully implement these trends in their State-Building process and thus still lag behind to function as a modern state (Nation-state). The thesis continues to answer the question of "if Afghanistan and Pakistan are not Nation-States, then what state organization they best fit in?" I find out that Pakistan fits better in category of a Military-State and Afghanistan fits best into the category of a Tribal-State. The reasons would be the frequent military domination of Pakistani affair by its military and domination of Afghanistan politics by the dominant ethnic group of Pushtons. At the end, I argue that Afghanistan and Pakistan along with other states needs to continue in their struggle to embrace the notion of nation-statehood, since nation-statehood responses to the issue of international peace, democratic values and economic development. Keywords: State Building, Nation Building, Industrialization, Capitalism, Organized Crimes, Modernization, Nation State, Tribal State, Military State
Islamic political thought, jihadists and society: Egypt, Algeria and Afghanistan in a comparative perspective
There is no doubt that, the contemporary global politics is more complicated, nowadays, the global Jihad movement is one of the main important issues which face the great powers and roiling them, when Jihad is one of the basic duties of Islam, Which focuses on self-defense against the aggressor, we find that lots of Muslim individuals and groups using the concept of Jihad to fight against the political regimes in many Islamic countries and other. This research discuss the relationship between Jihadist groups and Muslim societies, and we focused on some countries witnessed important historical events such as Egypt, Algeria, Afghanistan, Syria and Iraq, Where jihadists began their holy war from these countries, which are still far, These continuing jihadist experiments have had a different impacts on Muslim communities, Whether on the political, social or the psychological aspects. The political organizations mainly are social organizations, Where the community is the only power that can resolving any political conflict, whatever the military power of the parties of the conflict, Therefore, the absence of social incubators support for the political and revolutionary organizations is the most important reasons for the fall and defeat, also the percentage of increase or decrease of the political and religious awareness and social responsibility of individuals are fundamental elements in the management of any conflict.
The effect of small and medium enterprises on poverty reduction in Afghansitan
This paper explores the effect of SMEs (Small Medium Enterprises) on poverty reduction in Afghanistan through alleviation and database. The role of SME is very important in employment generation, poverty alleviation, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and economic growth which automatically reduce poverty in a country. Annual data used to examine the impact of SMEs on poverty reduction in Afghanistan. This article aims at finding out that which small medium scale and enterprise with use of activities of employment helped to reduce poverty reduction and it is recognized that SMEs is a powerful tool to poverty reduction and economic growth. After three decades of war in Afghanistan, the system and infrastructure of Afghanistan is completely destroyed and after create of temporary government in Afghanistan in 2001, Afghanistan is involved into many protocol and aids program to rescue this country from poverty and raise the poverty line. They raise many tools, regulation and innovation to decrease poverty from Afghanistan and this is a very effective topic to decrease the problem of poverty through SMEs which is corporate with the help of World Trade Organization (WTO), World Bank (WB), United Nation (UN), Japan International Corporation Agency (JICA) and many other organization or Non-Government Organizations (NGOs).
Impact of foreign direct investment in host country: Case of telecommunication in Afghanistan
Globalization and economic interaction involved in every part of the daily life and in modern businesses due to growth and international trade and country specialization. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore and identify the significant importance of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) across the country, later examine the spillover of FDI on the host country, the country where a multinational corporation starts its branch of operations, and finally examine its contribution in economic and development of the host country. The study shows that foreign investment across the countries and regions played and crucial role in economic and development well-being and globalizations. The effect of foreign companies on domestic ones is one of the critical components of the study, the foreign companies' productivity automatically spills over on local firms and in their industries. They must increase their productivity in order to survive in the market. Part of the study focused on telecommunications, where nowadays has been steady growth across the countries in the world. Telecommunication influenced the growth of unemployment as a whole and just like other businesses telecommunication considered an important dynamic component of a strong economic growth. Telecommunication has helped more in economic growth and development as it promotes sectors such as education, infrastructure, cumulative human skills, capacity building, and improve the public transportations.
The effect of word of mouth marketing female consumers' decision making process in Afghan food brands
The critical and main mission of marketing communication and advertisement is to affect the consumer's purchasing behavior and word of mouth marketing communication goal is as well. Word of mouth marketing communication seems to be one of the cheapest ways of marketing communication activities across the world. WOMM is defined as any publicity and advertisement which is not sponsored by the company, but rather it is advertised by organic methods via customers. In this study, the effectiveness of word of mouth marketing on female consumers' buying decision making process is investigated in Afghanistan by taken 384 urban women as the sample of empirical study. The purpose is to explore how WOM can affect the females' buying decision making process and how it can be managed by commercial advertisement to gain new consumers for food products and how it can manage organization's existing customers with WOM communication as a significant and cheap method of marketing communication. This paper study contains five parts such as introduction, literature review, conceptual framework, research methodology including analysis and findings, and last one which is conclusion and recommendations. A research model which inspired by practical knowledge, experience in the field of study, and review of WOMM methods was developed for this study. After completion of the research, achieved data is tested by SPSS and finding are subsequently presented and the result is shown by tables with description and the last chapter is dedicated to the further studies and the conclusion of the research. According to the research, the WOMM impact differs among females depending on their age, marital status, behavioral interdependence characteristic and education except for occupation on females' buying decision making regarding buying products from the specific brand in Afghanistan.
Impact of Afghanistan government support on SMEs' growth level: The case of AREDP covered SMEs in herat province
Afghanistan Rural Enterprise Development Program (AREDP) is one of the largest governmental SMEs development programs in Afghanistan since 2011. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of this program support on SMEs growth level in Herat province of Afghanistan. 4 years secondary panel data of 127 out 146 covered SMEs of this province used for this research. The number of direct, indirect & and total employees of the SMEs is used as an indicator of growth. Therefore, depended on variables of this study are the direct, indirect and total number of SMEs employees. AUGUST categorical supports (soft skill training, vocational training, exhibitions and machinery & toolkits) & It supports which are combined with 13 individual supports of this program are treatment variables. startup capital, owner's education level, dummy variables for gender and business type of SMEs are used as control variables in this research. Ordinary least square (OLS) model & Stata 64 software are used for data analysis. Overall, it has been founded that the government support has a positive significant impact on SMEs growth level except for one type of support (vocational training) which is negatively related to the number of employees. we also find an interesting result from control variables. This study provides evidence for policymakers to prioritize government support for better SMEs development in order to achieve containable economic growth in the country.
The impact of training and development on employee performance in Afghanistan's public sector organizations
Improved productivity has become a global need in both private and public sectors in the modern era. It is evident that employee performance is one of the main factors that affect productivity in an organization. Furthermore, it has become highly essential in the fast and dynamic pace of global progress to invest in training and development of the staff in order to improve employee performance and keep up with the pace of development, hence, the role played by employee training is not less obvious anymore. This study investigates the effect of training on employee performance with an empirical evidence from Afghanistan's in public sector. A survey was conducted on a sample of 147 public sector employees in Afghanistan. Two main finding of this research is firstly the significant positive correlation between effective training and employee performance in public sector, the second main finding is that training design, quality of the trainer and training experience had a significant role in making a training effective. This study provided recommendations to the interested stakeholders on how to include a training and development strategy in their development and capacity building plan in Afghanistan, and also recommendations on conducting effective training programs that can yield desired results in order to improve employee performance at lowest cost. Keywords: Training, Performance, Public Sector
The effect of recruitment and selection process on employees' performance: The case study of Afghanistan's civil servant
Public organizations' performance is directly related to the performance of their employees. Organizations which have high qualified employees enjoy a high level of performance and outcome. However, performance of employees' is highly dependent to their recruitment/selection processes. The better and clear recruitment/selection processes, the more qualified staffs are hired. The current study has been conducted on the effect of recruitment/selection processes on employees' performance in Afghanistan civil service. The research has been done in deductive research approach, and the data is collected through quantitative data collection method. The primary data is gathered by distributing close-ended questionnaires to the job candidates and employees to evaluate the processes recruitment and selection processes and employees' performance. Provided data is analyzed by SPSS version 20. In order to achieve the goal of research, 120 questionnaires have been distributed, and the recruitment/selection processes is taken account as an independent variable and employees' performance as a dependent variable. Furthermore, secondary data is collected through books, articles and particularly annual reports about Afghanistan. Finding shows a high level of correlation between employees' performance and recruitment/selection processes. Therefore, in conclusion chapter, necessary recommendation is given to the IARCSC (Independent Administrative Reforms and Civil Service Commission) for enforcing and improving recruitment/selection processes in order to achieve a better employees' performance. Keywords: Recruitment, selection, performance, civil servants
USA drone strikes and its effects on Afghanistan and Pakistan's security
Following the terrorist attacks in 9/11, the Bush Administration declared global war on terrorism that was a multidimensional military campaign and the aim was to destroy Al-Qaeda and other affiliated group that was threaten the US as well as world security. As a result, the US invaded Afghanistan in 2001, in order to capture and kill high-level Al-Qaeda and Taliban leaders including Osama Bin Laden, who was considered to be responsible for 9/11 attacks. The US invasion has forced key Al-Qaeda and Taliban leaders to leave Afghanistan and settle in FATA (Federally Administrated Tribal Areas) in Pakistan. The stateless nature of FATA has facilitated Al-Qaeda and Taliban militants to reorganize, recover, reunite and form their ideal dominion. In order to kill top Al-Qaeda and Taliban members the Bush administration introduced drone campaign of target killing in FATA of Pakistan as well as in some parts of Afghanistan. In fact, the target killing campaign was not limited to Afghanistan and Pakistan; it encompassed other countries, such as Yemen, Somalia, Iraq and Libya. The US drone attacks have raised moral and legal issues by resulting in high levels of civilian casualties in targeted countries. This thesis claims that in some occasions drone attacks have violated international humanitarian laws (IHL) and international laws in Afghanistan in particular in Pakistan by causing legal, moral and sovereignty problems. Keywords: The US drone position under international laws.
Impact of online advertisement on new generation consumer's buying behavior in the case of afghanistan
Advertising is the most commonly used way of informing the customers about brands and products of a company. Television, newspapers, and radio are the most traditional ways for creating image of brands that also help in generating sales revenue. In current times, with technological advancements, new advertising mediums have emerged such as the Internet, social media and digital marketing. There are various factors linked with the online advertisement such as interactivity of online advertisement, trust level built by online advertisement, irritation caused by online advertisement, entertainment of online advertisement, informativeness of online advertisement and accessibility of online advertisement. All these factors formed the basis of this research where the impact of these factors was evaluated on the purchase intentions (buying behavior) of young generation of Afghanistan. In order to do so, data was collected from the respondents of age group 15 – 30 yrs from Afghanistan and to test the relationship amongst independent and dependent variables, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques were used in SPSS version 20 and SPSS AMOS version 23. The study used quantitative research method and data was collected on questionnaire which was formulated as a result of comprehensive literature review on the subject matter. The results of the study revealed that there was no significant relationship between interactivity, trust level, irritation, entertainment (independent variables) and young generation's buying behavior whereas positive relationship is amongst informativeness and accessibility of online advertisement with young generation consumer's buying behavior.
Factors influencing the adoption of social media tools by travel agencies: The case of Afghanistan
This study focused on the social media usage (primarily Facebook) as it is amongst the most extensively practiced tool in the world. The present research was established based on the Diffusion Of Innovation (DOI) theory which acts a key element in growing acceptance, intent and real technology adoption. By definition, innovation comprises of transformation, either in the mass media or the means of engaging traditional technique. The attributes of innovation, as derived from DOI such as interactivity, ease of use, perceived benefits, trust and external pressure from the customers on social media adoption were included. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the factors that influence social media (Facebook) usage among travel agencies operating in Afghanistan. In addition, It examined the impact of social media usage on organizational performance of the travel agencies operating in Afghanistan. Moreover, this study sheds light over the factors that influence Afghani travel agencies in the adoption of social media for business purposes, by contrasting the results obtained from this research with the factors that affect social media adoption and have been previously mentioned in the existing literature, as well as studied how this adoption affects organizational performance, by attempted to identify the problems and challenges that travel agencies face and the benefits that they experiment once they have adopted social media. This study used quantitative research technique and data was collected from 250 respondents of at least 40 travel agencies operating in Afghanistan. Data was analyzed with the help of SPSS version 20 and AMOS version 23. The results revealed that ease of use and trust are not significantly co-related with the adoption of social media (Facebook), whereas interactivity, perceived benefits and external pressure from customer influences the adoption of social media tools by travel agencies operating in Afghanistan.
Impact of the Taliban reappearance on Afghanistan foreign policy on Pakistan during Hamid Karzai period
This thesis focuses on the foreign policy of Afghanistan towards Pakistan, especially in terms of the impact of the Taliban's reappearance on the foreign policy of Afghanistan towards Pakistan during Hamid Karzai's period. The main aspects behind the controversial relations with Pakistan, are further analyzed within the two phase. The thesis answers the questions of 'what impactful factors have determined Afghan foreign policy towards Pakistan' and 'how Islamic fundamentalism is used as a soft power instrument of Pakistan foreign policy towards Afghanistan'. Qualitative analysis is employed within this research on the basis of the political and historical developments in Afghanistan within the designated periods-from 1947 to 2001 and the latter being 2001 to 2014. This thesis consists of five main sections. First section gives a general framework on the study. Second chapter defines some key concepts like fundamentalism, soft power, Afghanistan's historical background and Afghanistan foreign policies doctrine. Third chapter presents historical background of Afghanistan's foreign policy toward Pakistan in consideration with the international developments such as bipolar era, Cold War and 9/11 events with a brief overview of the relations of the two countries in relation to Afghanistan's historical and political developments. Furthermore in this section it attempts to explain the main factors that have influenced the two nation's relations within both periods-the Durand Line and the Pashtunistan problem. However, in the following years, while maintaining the real problem, new problems emerged. Such new problems include the Taliban terrorist organization, India-Afghanistan relations, Transit issue problem and Water sharing problem. Fourth chapter presents the impact of Taliban reappearance as the most influential factors on Afghanistan's foreign policy on Pakistan in Hamid Karzai's period, especially in explaining the role of Taliban fundamentalist group as soft power in instrument of Pakistan's foreign policy toward Afghanistan. Furthermore, it attempts to explain the impact of what is termed as 'Pakistani double game' on the Afghanistan's peace process. It focuses on interesting phenomena played by both Pakistan and the international players within the region. Since Pakistan's establishment, the nation has exercised political intervention in the Afghanistan internal affairs, and thus, weakening the central government in Kabul as an approach in overcoming the controversial problems between the two nations. In order to solve and exercise control within the mentioned problems, Pakistan has been using fundamentalist groups such as Mujahedeen groups which had close ties to her and later on the Taliban. In conclusion, analysis on how the post reappearance of the Taliban served to worsen the two neighboring nations' already weak relations are provided. Pakistan's use of fundamentalism as a soft power in its foreign policy following the 9/11 September has further fragmented the weak relations with Afghanistan. Keywords: Afghanistan, Foreign Policy, Fundamentalism, Pakistan, Soft Power, Taliban.
The impact of content marketing on consumers' purchase intention for home appliances: A study in Afghanistan
The main and critical mission of marketing is to effect on consumers' purchasing intention and content marketing target is as well. Nowadays, content marketing seems to be one of the most effective and practical methods of marketing all around the world. Content marketing is defined as any marketing or business process for creating and sharing of valuable content to attract, acquire, and engage a clearly defined and understood target audience with the objective of profitable customer action. The purpose of this study is to explore how content marketing can affect the consumers' purchase intention and how it can be managed by marketers of companies to gain new consumers for home appliances. The aim of this research is to determine whether the content marketing affect or not affect the purchase intention of Afghan consumers for home appliances. To measure if this affection differs according to demographic variances such as: age, education level, occupation, monthly income and purpose of internet usage. However, the questionnaire of this study was conducted among the 384 people in Afghanistan and collected data is analysed by the SPSS program version 22. This study comprises five main parts such as introduction, literature review, conceptual framework and hypotheses, research methodology (analysis and finding), and in the last part is conclusion and recommendations.
2001'den beri Afganistan'da patronaj ve siyasal yolsuzluk
The present thesis about political corruption and patronage in Afghanistan, aims to determine the genesis for the problem of corruption and find out the causes, effects, acts and types of corruption initially. This thesis emphasizes that the main causes of corruption are weak rule of law, lack of transparency and accountability in government expenditures, low wages of public servants, corrupt judiciary, nepotism, the monopoly-power of high-ranking officials that provide opportunities for corruption. The thesis goes on discussing the history of Afghanistan and providing a profound understanding of political corruption and patronage in Afghanistan since 2001. The debates on the effects of corruption on economic growth and public procurement will be discussed in detail. This thesis found that the effects of corruption on economic growth are negative, corruption decreases investment and leads to poor quality of goods and services. This thesis will provide recommendations for eliminating the problem of corruption. Moreover,the failed strategies of government to curb corruption will be discussed for example the attempt of High Office for Oversight (HOO) and the new strategies developed to fight corruption in Afghanistan will be discussed, such as, Afghan National Strategy to Combat Corruption (ANSCC). Corruption is an international problem for both developed and developing countries and both are experiencing various forms and types of corruption. In some countries such as Afghanistan, this problem became a serious obstacle for the development of the country and lead to poverty, unemployment of skillfullabor, insecurity, poor government performances and lack of education opportunities. The research aims to find the reasons behind corruption in Afghanistan and show the devastating effects of corruption on different aspects of life. Looking to the history of Afghanistan the main factors that promoted corruption in Afghanistan were a huge inflow of international capital for the reconstruction of Afghanistan with no or less accountability and three decades of war and brutality lead to erosion of Afghan institutions, furthermore, imposed psychological pressure on the minds of the public. So this situation led to decrease public hope for a prosperous future in the country. Corruption in Afghanistan seriously damaged the trust of the public to government and decreased national and international investment in the country. Corruption perception is different from a country to another country, for example, one person's gift will be another person's bribe. So, even the acts of corruption have no common perception among the scholars. Keywords: Afganistan, political corruption, patronage, transparency, nepotism, accountability, petty corruption, grand corruption, kleptocracy, extortion
Women in politics in islamic states: A case study of Afghanistan and Pakistan
The present thesis aims to determine the actual states of women in politics of Afghanistan and Pakistan and find out the factors that effect on women's political participation and restrict the level of participation. This thesis emphasizes that the equal participation of men and women in governmental process and political affairs is essential for reaching to the free and fair society. Through findings of this thesis the success of democracy is directly dependent on the equality based on gender, ethnic, creed, religion and so on. The research context of this thesis goes to Islamic states and particularly analyzing the status of women in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The traditional culture, patriarchy, misinterpretation of religion founded as the main obstacles of women deprivation of politics within these two Islamic democratic states, that these factors causes for the emergence of gender based violence, discrimination, rape and idea of behaving with women as the second gender. This thesis goes to analyze and find out the different interpretation of Islam and democracy perspectives regarding to women social and political activities. Through this thesis we found out that the level of women's political participation had been raised after 2000 in both countries, reforms 2000 in Pakistan and coming of new democratic regime along with international support caused for women to be more empowered and active in politics and persuaded women to get apart in political and social affairs of these two societies. Analyzing of historical circumstances of women in both countries, helped this thesis to be more serious in finding the actual position of women in two traditional societies, that are mostly influenced of patriarchal culture in case of women. The share of women in politics had been raised, but only in numbers, while still women who are direct or indirect involved in political affairs or legislative organs experiencing a symbolic role with no authority of decision making. This thesis found out that the women are still used as a tool for having more power in government and more seats in legislative body of government in Pakistan, and for getting more support of international community by government in Afghanistan. Along with the above factors that helped women to be involved in politics, the legal contexts of both countries motivated women to be aware of their rights and participate in elections as voters and as candidate, but there have never been a fully protected atmosphere for women to compete with male candidate of the elections. The reasons that are found in this thesis again goes to the deep rooted traditional culture and misconception of Islam. The recommendation of this thesis for empowering the women for their equal rights goes to combat for annihilation of traditional culture and establishing the a theory along with democratic aspects.
Görünmeyen göçmenler Afganlar: Türkiye köprü mü, hedef mi?
Birleşmiş Milletler Göç Raporu'na göre dünyada 257 milyon göçmen bulunuyor ve bu sayının 30 yıl sonra 400 milyonu aşacağı tahmin ediliyor. Tüm dünyanın sorunu haline gelen göçmen akını, son yıllarda Türkiye'nin de geçiş güzergahı olarak gündeme gelmesine neden oluyor. Fakat ülkenin dört bir yanında sayıları bariz şekilde artan göçmenler için sorulması gereken asıl soru şu: Türkiye'yi bir köprü olarak mı yoksa yoksa nihai hedef olarak mı görüyorlar? Türkiye'de Suriyeliler ile özdeşleşen göçmenlik -yanlış kullanımıyla mültecilik- kavramı diğer milletlerin göz ardı edilmesine neden oluyor. Oysa 2017 yılında Türkiye'ye yönelik düzensiz göçte Suriyeliler birinci sıradayken 2018 yılında Afganlar iki kat artarak birinci sıraya yükseldi. Yine 2019 yılının ilk aylarında düzensiz göçte Afganların çoğunlukta olduğu görülüyor. Afganların Türkiye'ye göçünün ele alındığı bu nitel çalışmada 17 düzensiz Afgan göçmenle yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yapılmış ve Türkiye'ye neden geldikleri, ne yapmayı planladıkları incelenmiştir. Önceden ziyaret edilen Afganistan'da yapılan gözlemler ve Bosna'da Afganistanlılarla yapılan görüşmelerin de katkılarıyla hazırlanan çalışmada göçün nedenleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Göçte, 40 yıldır devam eden savaş ve kaos ortamının yanı sıra başlık parası gibi maddi gerekçeler ile çok kimlikli yapının ve coğrafyanın etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Yapılan görüşmelerde Türkiye'nin en azından belli bir kesim için hedef olduğu anlaşılmakta ve istikrarsızlığın neden olduğu bu göçün uzun yıllar devam edeceği tahmin edilmektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye'deki ekonomik refahın da etkili olduğu bu göçün, son zamanlarda yaşanan krizle yön değiştirebilmesi de ihtimaller arasında.
Transit ülkeden hedef ülkeye; 2000 sonrası Türkiye'ye yönelik Afgan göçündeki dönüşüm ve Türkiye'ye etkileri
Türkiye tarih boyunca bulunduğu jeopolitik konum nedeniyle pek çok göç akınıyla karşı karşıya kalmak zorunda kalmıştır. Cumhuriyetin ilanı ve sonrası dönemde yaşanılan göç hareketlerinin ise Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi açısından hiç şüphesiz ki önemli sonuçları olmuştur. Toplumu ve dolayısı ile de ülkenin hem bugünü hem de geleceği konusunda pek çok etki yaratan özellikle düzensiz göç hareketleri kitleler halinde ve yasalara aykırı olarak gerçekleştiğinden incelenmesi zor olsa da durumun araştırılarak etkin bir göç yönetiminin de sağlanması adına hayati öneme sahip bir husustur. Afganistan ise çalışmanın konusu gereği anlatılacağı gibi tarih boyunca adı sıklıkla savaş ve göç olaylarıyla birlikte anılan bir coğrafya olmuş ve özellikle düzensiz göç konusunda kaynak ülke olarak göç literatüründe var olmuştur. Türkiye ile ilişkileri çok eskilere dayanan Afganistan kaynaklı göç hareketleri dünyadaki pek çok ülke gibi Türkiye' ye de yönelmiştir. Türkiye 2000 ve sonrasında özellikle AB'ye uyum çalışmaları kapsamında önemli reformlara imza atmış, gelişen ekonomisi, istikrar ve güven vadeden artan potansiyeli ile diğer yabancılar gibi Afgan'ların da hedef ülkesi olma yolunda ilerlemektedir. Afganistan kaynaklı göç hareketlerinin özellikle 2000 sonrasında artması ve geçirdiği dönüşümler ile bunun Türkiye'ye yansımalarının anlaşılarak değişen göç karakterine uygun politikalar üretecek bir göç sisteminin oluşturulması Türkiye için gelecekte önemli kazanımlar sağlayacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Göç, Türkiye ve Afganistan, Afgan Göçmenler
Medyanın liberalleşmesi sonrası post-truth kavramı: Afgan göçmenlerin durumlarının medyadaki yansımaları
Bu tez çalışmasında; liberalleşen medya sonrası ortaya çıkan post-truth kavramı incelenmektedir. Kavram, liberalleşmenin yaşanmasından sonra birçok alanda faaliyet gösteren iş insanlarının medya sektöründe de etkin rol almasının etkileri üzerinden tartışılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda medya patronlarının farklı sektörlerde de iş faaliyetlerini sürdürmesinin haberler üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Bu durum ise Afganistan'da yaşanan olayların ardından oradaki insanların Türkiye'ye göçmesi üzerinden ele alınarak Afgan göçmenlerin durumlarının nasıl işlendiği ana akım, muhalif ve alternatif medyadaki haberlerde incelenmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmelerin ardından Afgan göçmenlerin ana akım, muhalif ve alternatif medyada farklı ele alındığı, diğer iş kolları nedeniyle hükümet ile ikili ilişkileri olan medya patronlarının kuruluşlarındaki haberlerin de tamamen iktidarın görüşüne göre okura sunulduğu saptanmıştır. Muhalif medyadaki haberlerin, benimsenen ideolojik görüş çerçevesinde ele alındığı değerlendirilirken, alternatif medyada azınlık haklarının korunduğu ve okura doğru bilgiyi aktarmanın ön plana çıktığı saptanmıştır.
2001 sonrası Afganistan'ın yeniden inşası: devlet, barış anlaşması ve ulusal güvensizlik
This thesis seeks to study why the United States, believed to be the world's superpower, had to start peace negotiations after 20 years of fighting with the Taliban, a terrorist organization which is not recognized by the US, to bring an official end to the longest war ever in American history. In other words, it seeks to figure out that what conditions/reasons managed to bring the US and the Taliban to the table to start peace negotiations entitled, "agreement for bringing peace in Afghanistan", after more than two decades of fighting, which resulted in death of thousands of innocent people in the country. Furthermore, the work examines the concept of proto-state (Daesh example) to demonstrate the characteristics of proto-state and elaborate whether the Taliban movement could be dealt as a proto-state. Following the conducted research, finally, the thesis reaches the following conclusions: (1) the Taliban is not the same group as it used to be in 1990s and early 2000s, now the movement is more organized, holding a clear strategy, fight, and talk, both on the table and in the ground, (2) the United States' incompetent/mistaken policies towards Afghanistan which are obviously failed and backfired in many circumstances.