Translation methods
85 theses under this subject heading
Analyse de la traduction sous-titrée en turc des éléments d'identité de genre dans le film «La Cage Aux Folles»
Le film « La Cage aux Folles » se focalise sur différentes identités et orientations sexuelles et, c'est dans ce contexte que les préjugés sociaux ont été abordés. Il s'avère donc important que le traducteur aborde ces questions avec soin et traduise en tenant compte de l'identité sexuelle de la personne en question. Le fait que la langue turque ne contienne que très peu de discriminations fondées sur le sexe est parfois pratique, mais cela peut entraîner certaines pertes au niveau au sens. Ces pertes de sens sont d'une grande importance dans le cadre de la traduction féministe, et leur traduction fidèle est cruciale pour préserver l'identité sexuelle. L'objectif de l'étude en question est de relever les sections reflétant des éléments d'identité sexuelle en turc et en anglais. Premièrement nous classerons nos exemples choisis parmi plusieurs. Ces exemples choisis en français, en turc et en anglais seront présentés sous la forme d'un tableau, et seront comparés suivant les particularités des langues et cultures en question. Par ailleurs, les approches adoptées dans la traduction des sous-titres seront évaluées dans le contexte des stratégies de traduction des sous-titres évoquées dans le livre de Diaz Cintas et Remael « Audiovisual Translation : Subtitling » (2007). De plus, les limites et les défis qu'il est important de prendre en compte pour l'analyse de la traduction seront analysées selon les stratégies mentionnées. Dans la partie discussion de l'étude, à partir de ces analyses et des stratégies utilisées, il sera discuté si le film a été traduit conformément à l'objectif de la création. Enfin, nous allons discuter s'il y a une signification plus profonde derrière le fait que le traducteur ne précise pas le sexe à chaque occasion ou ne fait pas d'effort supplémentaire pour le préciser.
Analysis of military terminology in the translation of war literature: A descriptive study on retranslations of Joseph Heller's Catch-22
This thesis aims to examine the translations of Catch-22 by Levent Denizci (1976) and Niran Elçi (2006) in terms of military terminology. The methodological and theoretical framework is based on Antoine Berman's translation criticism theory. Berman argues that translation criticism should be constructive. According to him, deforming tendencies in the target text should be examined since they can shed light on translator's choices and help the critic analyze the text in a productive way. He also thinks that every translation ages in time and therefore needs retranslation (Berman, 2009). Catch-22, written by Joseph Heller, is a cult post-war novel rich in military terminology. In this thesis, the military terms in Catch-22 were analyzed according to Berman's twelve deforming tendencies and the results were examined in the light of his retranslation theory. In the analysis part, military terms randomly selected from both target texts were shown in tables and analyzed with a descriptive method over fifty examples. The findings of the analysis show that the first translation made by Levent Denizci aimed to introduce the source text to the target culture. So, the strategy of ''domestication'' is observed in his translation. In addition, Niran Elçi's retranslation exhibits fewer deforming tendencies observed in the initial translation. Therefore, Niran Elçi's retranslation is closer to the source text, and the strategy of "foreignization" is observed in this translation. Also, it can be concluded that quantitative impoverishment, the destruction of underlying networks of signification, and the destruction of linguistic patternings are the tendencies that are observed the most in both target texts when the results are checked.
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar'ın Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü adlı eserinin İngilizce çevirilerinde kültürel öğelerin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi
Translation involves not only two different languages but also two different cultures. It acts as a means of mediation bridging linguistic and cultural differences. Translation, therefore, cannot be thought in isolation from culture. Literary works are often loaded with certain elements that are specific to a culture, which pose great challenges to the translator, especially in the case of translation activity between two distant cultures. Because these elements are widely unknown to the target culture, their transfer to the target language most often comes with problems arising from the differences between the source and receiving culture. They can be transferred into the receiving culture using source-text- or target-text-oriented translation strategies. Strategies predominantly used in transferring CSIs can help build a macro-level understanding of the translation in question as a whole. This study aims to analyze culture-specific items in English translations of Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar's Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü translated by Ender Gürol (2001) and by Maureen Freely & Alexander Dawe (2013). All CSIs found in the novel will be identified and how they are transferred into the target language in both translations will be examined. Axielá's model for the translation of CSIs will be used to analyze the extracted CSIs. A random selection of the extractions will be discussed in detail. In light of the data found, Venuti's model will be used to reveal which strategy (foreignization vs. domestication) is predominantly used and to what extent the translators are visible in each translation.
Imageries of horror in literary translation: The Turkishtranslations of Clive Barker's the books of Blood volume I
Horror fiction occupies a significant place in Western literature, although it is not historically canonical. It has maintained its popularity since the emergence of the Gothic novel in the eighteenth century. With relatively fewer examples of horror fiction in Turkish, Turkish readers have been exposed to horror largely through translated works. Since the emotion of horror is central to the horror genre, transferring this emotion to the target text is crucial. Imagery as a literary device is a major contributor to the emotion of horror, termed "art horror" (Carroll, 1990) . This study aims to analyze the use of imagery in both source and target texts and to provide a descriptive analysis of the target texts, based on the translation strategies employed by the translators. Within this scope, the present study compares Clive Barker's The Books of Blood Volume I and its two Turkish translations. Ultimately, as a result of the analysis, it is found that particular translation strategies serve the purpose of re-creating ST art horror imagery in varying degrees and it is reasonable to evaluate those strategies in terms of their applicability in the reproduction of the source text art horror by prioritizing image representation over text representation.
(Non-)/conformity in translation: Who (non-)/conforms to what, when, how and why?
With the paradigm shift that happened in translation in the '70s, many of the concepts in translation studies have been modified or altogether replaced. One of the concepts that has been introduced to the field is the concept of (non-)conformity. (Non-)Conformity, along with the other concepts, brought about new perspectives to the field and helped improve the field. Additionally, academics suggested that these concepts be used in translator training, and gradually academics and trainers around the world implemented the concepts in their courses. However, the theories and concepts have been criticized from different angles by different scholars. Although the critiques touch upon certain valid points, they don't offer any implications as to how the theories and the concepts should be further modified. This dissertation analyzes the translation theories in terms of (non-)conformity, presents the criticism directed towards those theories, and in light of certain case studies, questions the validity of both the theories and the criticism. As a result, the dissertation offers certain suggestions into how the concept may be applied to translator training.
Terminology standards as a tool in the translation process of a technical text
Any translator who is involved in a translation project of a technical text may face terminological difficulties and need to act as a terminologist during the process. Translators who assume the role of a terminologist should have knowledge about terminology studies and terms to deal with these challenges. In this case, the most reliable resources for translators to acquire the necessary information are terminology standards. Standards help translators to work more efficiently and professionally. The objective of this study is to examine terms and term formation in detail according to terminology standards, and to seek solutions for the problems faced in the process of technical translations. Keywords: translator, technical text, term, terminology standards.
Dis/re-appearance of illusion: The quest for an ontology of translation studies
Following the cultural turn in translation studies, postcolonial studies on translation originating from literary studies have stressed the "in-betweenness" of translation and the translator. Yet, when problematized from a descriptive stance translations positioned to be "in-between" in the target system in view to the studies on cultural translation reveal a number of underlying questions. First of all, studies on postcolonial translations require a metaanalysis from the descriptive paradigm. The literature review on the subject demonstrates a lack of precise theoretical framework between translation analysis, theory and criticism. Secondly, the cultural translation dilemma concerning the semi-ethnographic literary works, the subject topic of which is culture itself, discloses the relationship between textless backtranslations and the concepts of pseudo- and assumed translations, in Gideon Toury's terminology. Thus, this thesis also looks for an answer regarding how assumed translations can be descriptively analyzed. The corpus includes translations of works whose authenticity is contested. Translations of A Turkish Woman's European Impressions and An Englishwoman in A Turkish Harem as examples of cultural translations returning to their original source system is analyzed with a strict eye on descriptivism. Upon this analysis the nature of "illusion" in translation studies is discussed. This discussion concludes with the fundamental enigma of an ontology of translation studies.
Analysis of an immigrant novel and its Turkish translation from the standpoint of translation studies
Translation has always been a part of cultural and social change and it has sometimes been seen as a tool of oppression and sometimes one that liberates the voice of others, those who are overlooked and underrated by dominant cultures. Those living in minority or immigrant groups have used language as a representation of their experiences and tried to be understood and accepted. One of the most representative examples of such an endeavor is included in this dissertation as a case study. It is a bilingual novel by Junot Diaz titled The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao that won the Pulitzer Award in 2008. The translation of this novel is by Püren Özgüren with the title of Oscar Wao'nun Tuhaf Kısa Yaşamı published in 2009. The source text uses code-switching and bilingualism as strategy to represent the complex and exotic nature of immigrant experience. The source and the target text are analyzed and described in this dissertation under the light of cultural perspective in translation studies and the term cultural translation.
Analysis of two translations in different literary genres of the play The Night of The Iguana by Tennessee Williams
Theatre translation has been a controversial issue among the academics of Translation Studies and the people who have been engaged in theatre. The characteristics of theatre texts like having non-verbal elements and being written to be staged cause some problems for the translators. In a translation process, in order to come up with a solution for those problems, different strategies and thoughts on how to translate theatre texts have been presented by many different academics. Among those strategies, two opposite ones which are translating for the page and translating for the stage come into prominence. By taking a generalization that concerns these two strategies into consideration, this thesis analyzes the two different Turkish translation of the play The Night of the Iguana by Tennessee Williams. While one of the target texts is İguananın Gecesi (1990) translated by Ülker İnce as a play, the other one is Iguana Gecesi (1966) translated by Canset Unan as a novel, which makes it an intergenre translation. Since there is a difference in the literary genres of the two target texts, an in-depth research has been done to find out whether there is a novel version of the source text, but nothing could be found. Considering this difference in literary genres of the target texts, the source text and the translations of it are analyzed in the light of Skopos Theory by Hans J. Vermeer.
Creating a statistical based automotive oriented machine translation engine
This thesis is intended to be a source showing the machine translation outputs in the English - Turkish language pair for translation studies students, candidate translators, translators, and those who wish to obtain basic knowledge of machine translation. Within the scope of the thesis, the development of the automotive-oriented statistical-based machine translation engine, the steps of creating the engine and the problems that may be encountered while creating the engine are explained. Those who want to see how the Statistical Machine Translation engine works in the English - Turkish language pair will be able to find both information and illustrations regarding the stages of the process. This study which covers the steps of creating the Statistical Machine Translation engine is expected to be a useful resource for students who are concerned about finding jobs in the future. Since the data used in the thesis is limited, it is not intended to obtain high quality machine translation output.
Turkish issues in video game, web and mobile application localizations
Use of the Internet as a means of global communication gradually became widespread in the '90s. New terms have been introduced to translation industry such as Globalization (G11N), Internationalization (i18N), and Localization (L10N) with the global impact of the Internet. As to the translation industry in Turkey, the heavy translation demand of international companies wishing to get into Turkish market has confronted translation companies and translators with new challenges and problems. In this regard, this thesis aims at identifying common Turkish web, mobile application, and game localization problems and proposing solutions for them. Within the scope of the thesis, differences between localization and translation tools, the impact of transcreation on localization, and the reasons underlying web, mobile application, and game localizations problems are explored. Findings cover frequently visited websites, website applications, mobile applications and their help and support pages, PC games, console games (PlayStation and Xbox), online and mobile games. The solutions provided in the thesis are expected to be a useful resource for students of Translation and Interpreting Studies departments, prospective translators, and those who wish to obtain basic knowledge about localization in Turkey.
Machine translation post-editing in video game localization
The aim of this study is to explore whether free to use machine translation systems can be used to localize video games, instead of opting for crowdsourcing options. In line with this aim, 30 lines related to in-game races and their sub-races were selected from the language file of the video game called Kenshi. These lines were translated using Google Translate and Amazon Translate, which are free-to-use neural machine translation systems, and the raw machine translation outputs obtained were evaluated by three volunteers in accordance with TAUS "adequacy" and "fluency" error annotation criteria. Then, in accordance with TAUS "Human Translation Quality" guidelines, the volunteers post-edited the raw machine translation outputs. In the light of the obtained data, it has been determined that the raw outputs of the aforementioned machine translation systems cannot be used without post-editing. It has been determined that only 32% of Google Translate's raw machine translation output and 23% of Amazon Translate's raw machine translation output can be used without post-editing. However, by making use of machine translation post-editing, it was observed that the translators' word per hour performance doubled at minimum. Thus, it has been concluded that machine translation systems substantially decrease the translation workload. In addition, it has been determined that video game localization competences have a decisive effect on the editing efforts of the people who conduct machine translation post-editing, and especially "creativity" and "familiarity with games culture" competences cause great differences in edit efforts.
A descriptive study on the effects of post-editing on lexical diversity
Machine Translation (MT) technologies paved the way for great advances in the translation industry with the development of Neural Machine Translation (NMT). Translation companies and translators have started to save a great deal of time and energy by doing machine translation post-editing (MTPE) instead of translating from scratch -human translation- (HT). In this study, the volunteer participants were asked to both translate the same texts from scratch and post-edit by using a generic machine translation. The results were analysed comparatively with a focus on lexical diversity. According to the findings of the study, it has been observed that machine translation post-editing and human translation results differ significantly. When compared to the human translation results, machine translation post-editing results have been proved to be less rich in terms of lexical diversity.
A study on operationalizing applied English translation programs in Turkey: An examination in terms of competencies, sector and academy
In Turkey, translator education has become an area of frequent research since the foundation of the 'Translation and Interpreting' and 'Translation Studies' departments, which provide undergraduate education. In addition, Applied English Translation programs that provide associate degree education are also included in translator training. On the other hand, the Vocational Qualifications Authority has determined the profession of "Translator" as Level 6 and this level indicates the undergraduate level. This leads to some problematic issues concerning theory and practice at the workplace. Employment of students who graduate from this program is at the forefront of these problems. In addition, it has been determined that holding a bachelor's degree is a main requirement in terms of having a position as a translator at governmental institutions such as Ministry of Foreign Affairs etc. The aim of this study is to examine the employment opportunities of the students of Applied English Translation programs and to determine the positions and sectors where the students can be employed. Thus, by increasing the functionality of the program, it will be possible to train semi-skilled staff who can speak languages for different sectors. The research was designed as a qualitative study and different data sources were included in the research in accordance with the purpose of the study. The first of these is the internship reports of the students. As a result of the analysis of internship reports, it was determined that the students completed their internships in many different sectors (tourism, industrial services, transportation, logistics, health, education, etc.) and used their foreign language skills effectively in this process. It supports the idea that students can be employed not only in the field of translation services, but also in different fields. The second data source of the research is the job advertisements offered by job advert web sites. In the process of examining the employment opportunities of the students of the Applied English Translation programs, Turkey's leading employment websites were included in the scope of the research. To analyze the adverts in a convenient way, semi-skilled worker positions that require English skills were included and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the potential positions for the graduates of Applied English Translation programs have been found out. Findings from students' internship reports and job adverts showed that graduates of the Applied English Translator program may have different options for employment opportunities. In order to examine this situation in a more detailed way, semi-structured interviews were conducted with two different groups. These are managers from different sectors and human resources specialists. The result of the interviews supports the findings from internship reports and data from job search engines. For instance, semi-skilled staff who can speak foreign languages are needed in different sectors; the the managers from various sectors stated that the students of Applied English Translatiom programs can be employed more easily and effectively with some additional skills they will acquire. To discuss the current situation of Applied English Translation programs and to analyze future directions regarding the curriculum of the program, faculty members were invited to a focus group interview. The interview was held both in person and online and a report was prepared. Analyzing the data of the focus group interview, the problems related to the effectiveness of the program and possible suggestions for them were clarified. When the data from different sources are analyzed, it has been concluded that students of Applied English Translation programs have more employment opportunities as semi-skilled workers in different sectors. However, in its current curriculum design, it can be said that Applied English Translation programs do not provide basic skills in addition to foreign language skills in different sectors. This is also evident from the aims of the program and the syllabus. This issue brings the necessity of reorganizing the program, namely a curriculum evaluation process. It is suggested that the implementation of a modular program, content based course design and double major/minor programs are suitable for students who want to work in the sector and students who want to continue their undergraduate programs. As a result, the functionality of the program will be increased by taking the needs of students with different educational and professional goals into account.
Translation-oriented terminography in the face of intercultural concept variation
The present thesis focuses on the asymmetries between the specialized concept fields adopted by linguistic communities from different cultures using different languages or language variants. These asymmetries create variation between the concepts referred to by specialized communities in different cultural (and commonly geographical) environments and manifest themselves as practical problems of mainly two kinds: terminological gaps and seeming identicalness of similar concepts commonly named "non-equivalence" and "quasi-equivalence" respectively in the specialized discourse of terminology and terminography. The phenomenon of intercultural concept variation and the potential practical intercultural communication problems it creates especially in the context of translation has been much less widely discussed in the context of specialized translation than it has been in the context of general and literary translation, and even much more scarcely in the context of terminology. This is quite natural because since the outset of terminology as a discipline in its own right, the raison d'etre of terminology and the rationalé of terminology work has largely been considered to be unifying concepts and concept systems by eliminating intercultural differences pertaining to them rather than managing these differences; mainly due to the influence of what is known as the General Theory of Terminology and its practical significance for accurate specialized communication both within and across different language communities. Despite the emergence of more recent and more descriptively oriented strands of the discipline of terminology such as the socioterminological (Gaudin 1993), communicative (Cabré 1999, 2003), sociocognitive (Temmerman 1997, 2000) and frame-based (Faber et al. 2005) approaches, the dominant terminographical models are still based on data organization structures whose design largely reflects the traditional normative approach aiming at eliminating all kinds of conceptual variation. Narrowing down its scope to non-normative, translation-oriented terminography in conventional translation environments characterized by mostly ad hoc terminology work, limitations with respect to time and resources, and the use of Translation Environment Tools (TEnT), the present thesis focuses on the terminographical models to be used in this type of situations where intercultural concept variation is not eliminated for practical or socio-political reasons. To observe the landscape, current established terminographical models and practices are examined both through industry best practices laid out by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and through common, established termbanks. These observations demonstrate partial incompatibility between these data organization schemes designed mainly for systematic work towards normative purposes and translation-oriented terminography characterized by ad hoc, largely descriptive terminology work. Attempts to cope with the problems that arise due to this incompatibility have also been observed and critically evaluated. Drawing from these observations and critical evaluations, terminographical suggestions with respect to data entry and organization are developed. Taking into consideration the practical limitations of conventional, smaller-scale working environments where the use of existing ready-made terminographical infrastructures is crucial, these suggestions are developed on one of the most widely adopted terminographical infrastructures in the language services industry (TBX). Moreover, because ready-made solutions are critical for the described usage context, the suggestions are formulated in the form of a supplementary modification to the data category selection of TBX-Basic, a terminological markup language providing a ready-made data category selection and data structure designed to be and commonly recognized as one of the most language industry relevant interchange format.
Hybrid languages and their translations in the light of postcolonial translation theories: Camfranglais example
ABSTRACT Hybrid languages hold a significant place in the multicultural countries, especially in formerly colonized nations. Individuals who are from formerly colonized countries speak hybrid languages, and they produce art and literature in hybrid languages. Citizens of formerly colonized nations are usually fluent in both their own language and the language of the colonizer because they have a multilingual education system. They are also multicultural as they are exposed to both their own culture and the culture of the colonizer. This situation gives them a chance to create a whole new language by using the language of the colonizer. They also create a third culture and by doing that they make the colonizers foreigners to their own languages and cultures. This is how they show the colonizer that the tables now have turned, and they have the upper hand. These colonized individuals represent their identities through the hybrid languages and cultures. Camfranglais, a hybrid language which is spoken in Cameroon, is an impeccable example. In 1970s young people of Cameroon started to use Camfranglais to be able to keep secrets from their parents and since then it became a commonly used language. In today's Cameroon writers and artists use Camfranglais as a tool for resistance against the colonizer. Peter Wuteh Vakunta is one of the writers who uses Camfranglais in this poetry. In this dissertation, his translations from Camfranglais to English will be discussed and as the case study of the dissertation, one of his poems will be translated into Turkish. For the theoretical framework views of scholars such as Antoine Berman, Lawrence Venuti, Gayatri Spivak, Tejaswini Niranjana, Samia Mehrez, Edward Said and Frantz Fanon will be discussed in the dissertation. One of the main objectives of this dissertation is to shed a light on the importance of hybrid languages for formerly colonized nations and why it is important to translate the works which have been written in hybrid languages such as Camfranglais. Translation can give the citizens of formerly colonized nations a chance to make their voices heard from all around the world, translation can shape the future, and can be used as a tool of resistance. One of the other objectives of this dissertation is to question the possibilities of translation of hybrid languages and try to construct a strategy to translate a hybrid language into Turkish. Key Words: Translation, literature, Camfranglais, Post-colonialism, Hybrid languages, colonization.
The effect of error annotation on post-editing effort and post-edited product: An experimental study on machine-translated subtitles of educational content
The aim is to examine the effect of error annotation on post-editing effort and post-edited product. The research also aims to remark the importance of quality evaluation, especially of error annotation which I argue it is an efficient way to learn how to work with machine translation. Regarding these aims, a neural-based machine translation model in the domain of psychology was trained. Afterwards, an experimental study is conducted with translation students by dividing them into two groups as control and treatment group. Control group post-edited the machine-translated subtitles of an educational content in psychology, treatment group conducted a quality evaluation before the task of post-editing the same subtitles. Their temporal and technical effort were compared to post-edited products. The study intends to contribute to the machine translation studies and to raise awareness in the use of machine translation in subtitling of educational content.
Sports translation in Turkey: A comparative textual analysis about cycling on Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye
In our modern era, the term sports occupies a big place in people's lives and the translation of sports texts is related directly to this term. From professional purposes to hobby activities, the significance of sports and communication rises more and more. Although some certain popular branches stand out when it comes to sports translation, it is possible to realise that there are indeed some fields which are open for improvement in terms of translational analysis, and the translation of cycling sport is one of them. Therefore, cycling and its population create an important combination for cycling sport in Turkey. This thesis aims to enlighten the current situation of cycling sport as a sports branch and the translation of cycling sport in Turkey. Regarding this fact, the magazines Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye, which has the copyrights of Cyclist UK, have been chosen to form the corpus for this study. As the original source language is English and the target language is Turkish, an analysis will be performed regarding the language use and translational approaches. Terminology transferring strategies will be found out, and the general situation of cycling sport in Turkey and the approaches in the translation of cycling sport will be revealed through the analysis of the current 12 issues of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye magazines. In addition to the detection of the strategies used in the transfer of the terminology belonging to cycling sport, this study also aims to make a content comparison on the translation of popular texts about cycling sport. Under sports translation and in the exclusiveness of the translation of cycling sport, the contents of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye magazines will be compared. Similarities and differences in the contents of those magazines will be emphasized. Consequently, the situation of cycling translation in Turkey will be emphasised. In conjunction with the cycling terminology and the cycling texts which have been translated into Turkish, Vinay & Darbelnet's translation procedures' and Skopos theory will be followed. Keywords: sports translation, cycling, cycling terminology, cycling publications, translation strategies
Translating idioms in children's literature : A case study on Jeff Kinney's diary of a wimpy kid series
The focus of this study is on the translation of idioms from English to Turkish in Jeff Kinney's Diary of a Wimpy Kid Series. The study aims to identify different types of idioms and describe the translator's idiom translation procedures in the target text. In this study, descriptive analysis is applied to examine the types of idioms and translation strategies used in the books to translate the idiomatic expressions. The data is analyzed by classifying the types of idiomatic expressions, using McCarthy and O'Dell's (2002) framework of idiom types. In addition, the data is analyzed by using Venuti's concept of domestication and foreignization (1995). The examples from this study are evaluated by classifying each sentence that has idiomatic meaning according to the theory, marking the example by considering the most have idioms, explaining the types of idioms and explaining the strategies employed by the translator in translating the books. The translator employed Mona Baker's (2011) idiom translation strategies, with translating the idiom by paraphrase being the most common.
Analysis of terminology in the translations of defence industry texts
YILDIZ ÖNER, Saniye. Analysis of Terminology in The Translations of Defence Industry Texts, Master's Thesis, Ankara, 2020. In the new world order, defence Industry has been one of the most vital factors in determining economic and political power of the countries due to the increasing need for security. Therefore, innovation and modernization are continuously needed to maintain technological sovereignty in defence industry and role of translation is indispensable in the provision of the continuity of these developments and changes. The fact that this field of industry plays a crucial role in the struggle of a country against global threats and keeping up with the new developments around the world necessitates the transfer of technology that brings about the need for enormous translation work, giving rise to the emergence of lots of new concepts and terminology, which is crucial for common language used by the shareholders in the production and management of technology. This brings forth a new dimension in the field of terminology management, and the problems regarding the terminology management in defence sector must be handled with an academic mind style. This thesis aims at raising awareness about the need for accurate and standardized terminology by means of analyzing the procedures employed in the translation of defence industry terms where high use of borrowing procedure, and existence of nonstandardized terminology are observed. To that end, firstly, the overall comparison of the source and the translated texts is made within the scope of Skopos theory to see if translated texts are acceptable and to see to what extent the translation serves the purpose. Then, the analyses are made both at the syntactic and lexical levels that will provide a closer look at the appropriateness of the equivalances in the target language. With the aim of revealing all procedures used in the translations of defence terms, product catalogues of Presidency of Defence Industries were examined in detail. All detected terms were recorded with their translations. A set of terms were analyzed in light of Vinay and Darbelnet's translation procedures, and frequently used procedures were determined and their appropriateness was reviewed. Finally, a glossary of terms was presented to provide a supplementary material emphasizing the need for a comprehensive dictionary of defence industry terms for standardized use of terms and providing insight for the future studies on translation and terminology in this sector. Keywords: Translation of Defence Industry Texts, Skopos Theory, Translation Methods of Vinay Darbelnet, Terminology
Validity of translation questions in language proficiency exams in Turkey
While using translation items for measuring language proficiency is not common in language testing in the world (e.g. TOEFL, IELTS) such items are commonly used in Turkey. In the two standardized language proficiency exams, YDS and YÖKDİL, translation items are given in a multiple-choice format. Using them as a tool for measuring language proficiency raises a question about the validity of the items. Validity in language testing refers to the suitability of an item to the purpose of the test, and traditionally, it can be measured via correlation of the test score with a valid test. In this respect, the validity of the translation items in YDS and YÖKDİL was investigated together with the overall validity of these exams via correlating the scores of 32 participants with those of TOEFL PBT Reading Sample Test. Afterward, t-tests were conducted to see the compatibility of the difficulty level of translation items with the overall exams to see if the participants found them easier. Laslty, a translation task consisting of 20 sentences taken from the published e-YDS items by ÖSYM were given to the participants to find out the relation between the participants' production and recognition skills of translation. It has been found that YDS and YÖKDİL are both valid (.88 and .82 respectively). However, the translation items lower their validity coefficient; and especially for YDS, translation items group has the lowest correlation coefficient (.61). With the t-tests, it has been found the participants did significantly better on the translation items in both of the tests. Also, the production translation task indicated moderate validity (.66) and it was found to be more difficult than YDS, YÖKDİL and the translation items in these tests. It can be concluded that multiplechoice translation items lower the quality of the English language proficiency exams in Turkey. Keywords Language proficiency exams, validity, translation items
Translation of medical terms in light of Vinay and Darbelnet's translation procedures: A case study on medical thrillers the Apprentice and the Sinner by Tess Gerritsen
The history of medicine dates back to ancient civilisations and the field of medicine has always been valued greatly. Each civilisation or community has developed their own methods, procedures, or remedies to overcome various health problems. Translation have played a significant role in transferring this valuable knowledge up to date. In return for being referred to as a very old field of scientific translation, medical translation has its own challenges to offer to translators. Medical language has distinctive features that draw attention, such as high number of acronyms, eponyms, Latin and Greek roots, prefixes and suffixes. However, these very characteristics also pose difficulties for translators and require special caution. Notwithstanding, medical content is not only included in health-related informative texts, but it may also heavily be found in fictional works. The Apprentice and The Sinner by Tess Gerritsen are reviewed in this thesis regarding the intense use of medical content, considering it may cause a dilemma for translators not only due to the medical language itself but also because of their respective target audience and the professions of main characters. In this sense, Vinay and Darbelnet suggest a number of translation procedures that may help translators to overcome challenges. In order to detect the procedures and techniques applied while translating medical terms, these books are meticulously read and scanned, and all medical terms are noted with their Turkish translations. A total of one hundred randomly selected medical terms are reviewed in light of Vinay and Darbelnet's procedures, the methods that are used the most vii are identified, and it is discussed to what extent translators apply direct translation methods, as prescribed by Vinay and Darbelnet. Furthermore, other possible translations, as applicable, are provided with an aim to guide translators and help them to minimise potential mistakes made during translation process. Keywords: Medical Terms, Tess Gerritsen, Medical Language, Medical Translation, Vinay and Darbelnet's Translation Procedures
A comparative analysis of the challenges encountered in literary and audiovisual translation of science fiction: A case study on Ready Player One by Ernest Cline
The genre of science fiction has relatively been very popular in literary and audiovisual fields in recent years. However, the academic literature related to the science fiction genre is rich in terms of the number of published articles but those which are related to translation, especially into Turkish, are very few. In this regard, this study primarily focuses on the literary translation of Ernest Cline's Ready Player One by Taylan Taftaf, the fan subtitle translation of the film Ready Player One into Turkish by Hasangdr & X@nder, and professional subtitle translation by Aycan Soner. This thesis primarily attempts to shed light on the challenges that the translators encounter while translating the science fiction terms, to analyze the translation strategies to map out the overall translation orientations of the translators, to reveal any differences or possible systematic preferences that the translators exhibit, and to detect the possible justifications and motivations behind the translators' decisions. To that end, the translations of 30 science fiction terms are analyzed in the light of Cintas and Remael's (2007) subtitling strategies, and then the translational decisions of the translators are evaluated within the theoretical framework of the orientation norms put forward by Pedersen (2011). Ultimately, it has been found that the literary, professional subtitle and fan subtitle translators have adopted a source oriented approach when transferring the science fiction terms. However, the study has also found that the fan subtitle translators might produce more acceptable translation since they generally do not need to translate in accordance with the professional rules followed by the professional subtitle translator and literary translator. In conlusion, contrary to the general assumption despite the similar constraints, the lower rate of similarity has been found between the translation strategies of the fan subtitle translator and professional subtitle translator while the higher rate of similarity has been detected between the translational decisions of the literary translator and the professional subtitle translator. Keywords: science fiction, audiovisual translation, literary translation, fansubs, professional subtitles, Ready Player One, subtitle translation.
Translating food items in children's literature: A case study on Dav Pilkey's captain underpants series
Being one of the most prevalent components of children's literature, food items are often symbolic and they can play various roles and can be used for different purposes in literary works for children. Therefore, translating food items in children's literature holds great challenges for translators when the fragile nature of children's literature is taken into account. In this regard, this study primarily focuses on the Turkish translations of food items in Dav Pilkey's Captain Underpants series translated by İpek Demir and Pınar Gönen. It aims to investigate the translation strategies employed by the translators while dealing with the food items in Dav Pilkey's Captain Underpants series along with the possible reasons behind their decisions, and to reveal the regularities in the translational decisions by the translators. Secondarily, it aims to find out whether the intended functions and purposes of the food items in the original texts are maintained in the target texts. To this end, the study first explores the general characteristics, functions and roles that food items possess throughout the series before conducting the translation analysis. Then, the translations of a total of 57 food items are analyzed in the light of Davies' (2003) categorization of translation strategies. The translational decisions by the translators are criticized within the theoretical framework of Toury's (1995) target-oriented approach and norms of acceptability and adequacy. As a result, the study reveals that both translators have adopted a target-oriented approach when transferring food items. Thus, it is possible to state that their translations are nearer to the pole of acceptability. However, the study also finds that some of the intended functions and purposes of the food items in the source texts have been lost in the translated texts.