Anadolu'da ticaretin ulaşım rotalarının değişimi üzerindeki etkisi: Tarihi-mekansal bir analiz

In this thesis, the aim is to find out how trade; especially international trade affects the connectivity network in Turkey over time. In this attempt, historical changes of trade and transportation route from the beginning of the first trade route via Ottoman period until the Republic period by using the historical resources, using the map of routes and the major trade centers are searched. The objective of this thesis is to investigate effects of trade and commercial relationship between countries and regions on connected networks and their changes over time. With the development of economic theories, by technological improvements connectivity types and networks change in order to facilitate the economic interaction between the regions, are the essential componenets to economic growth in the world. Interaction and relationship are the first social demands of life, by either trade or economic activities. By development of trade theories over time, the geographic shape of trade has always been one of the most attended topics. Connecting via routes has obtained essential role, even in the normal interactions by changing the integration modes and the kind of relationship due to the producers, costumers and traders. Starting with the end of the seventeenth century, by the changes of the production style and the industrial revolution in the period from eighteenth century, the craft model of production operated as a small independent business, had begun to be replaced to the export sector almost everywhere in the world. It caused the economic systems to transform due to economic conditions. In addition, economic damages due to the World Wars led to crisis to run down quality of life in the entire world. Restructuring of the world economy was the first mission between states after wars. While the World Wars weakened the economic power and changed great powers in the Europe, technology, capital and organizational mode came from the United States to solve the European conflicts caused of wars. After that, United State played a major role in restructuration the relationships between the countries with the help of establishing the United Nation. Economic development as a solution for the disasters of the wars, the aiming control of Communism, European integration against another world war and international coordination as a mechanism to remove crisis around the world were the main characteristics of that period. This was the initial effort to integration and confederate in global scale between the states, countries and continentals. European Coal and Steel community, and later Common Market were some initiatives to make a more powerful European against to the west and east powers. These continued by means of some development progress programs and projects, using the new economic organization to incorporate new countries to rise and grow stranger the United Europe. In this framework, infrastructure investments via transportation systems are one of the significant components of the main projects in this process as wide integration cohesion policy. After that, development of infrastructure between more territory and states come the most important purposes to increase connectivity due to this cooperation. Same as the old times, Silk Road was the essential way to pass the borders and beginning of introduce wars or trades of nations and states. Last decades also development of infrastructure especially transportation systems are the main of integration as global world. The transportation system consists of the set of relationships between nodes, networks and demands. These involve locations spatially expressing this demand, flows between them and infrastructures designed to handle these flows. All components of a transport system are designed to facilitate the movements of passengers, freight and information, either as separate or joint components as trade route. Trade route is a way that connects two different economic activity points through individual geographical location. These routes mainly provide connections between economic nodes or hubs that are usually centered near the urban places. By shaping the regional scale of connectivity, international relations in terms of trade accelerate. Silk Road, the main artery of the commerce between the east and the west throughout the centuries, is a unique example of the old trade route, which witnessed varying powers, wars, trade with rising or collapsing on them. It was the most famous not at all trade routes, but also social, economic and cultural converting route. Silk Road is an example how trade can transform the relationships, places, geography concept and economic activity area. By restructuring and development of transport systems in regional and international scales, cities and regional as nodes of these routes are the major places that influence directly. Anatolia as essential territory during the time throughout these route even the past until now, selected for this thesis. This study tries to indicate historical process of trade relations and reconstruction of commercial routes within the Anatolian territory via using and interpreting the route maps during the different epochs from the first trade route until the last international transportation projects. It is aimed to explain how similarly the transportation systems reshape the economic specialization according to geographic and endowments characteristics, demands and trade changed the productivity and transportation direction. Trade targets reflect the productions and flow direction according to the demand and market destination. At least, locations through this route –involve cities, urban or regional hierarchy. During this process, some huge cities as global or mega ones emerged. However, political destinations are main reason to select a city as capital. This thesis aims to indicate trade and international trade which affect the importance of a city and its development, in this manner international trade was essential component in direction of transportation improvement as well as cities development. Regarding to rise or collapse of routes, settlements transformed. Although state trade policies affect the route oriented, international trade relations impress this strike. Last decades increasing of international trade and free integration of regions and nationals expose the variety infrastructure projects between them that is sign of infrastructure importance development to go up into the global world. Main target of this research is to interpret the transformation of the Anatolian trade routes over time. Anatolia as the oldest agriculture center by proximity to the Fertile Crescent and the first trade center and route, has ancient term in this issue. Not at all the ancient importance but also strategic geographical location brings this significant position to these days. In this way, investigation of the how these conditions reforms by passing time and how considerably world events influence the trade routes and settlements within the Anatolia territory in terms of economy and trade attitude. To achieve this purpose, after discussing trade and trade theories; I focused on historical resources about main events of world as well as Anatolia, additionally to influences of them on trade routes by using the available historical maps.