Transformation of modern bureaucracy in Egypt: A review of early period

The concept of modernization first comes to mind when the concept of "Rational-legal" or "ideal type" bureaucracy is taken into consideration. It is acknowledged that modernization had a significant impact on how the bureaucracies of the Ottoman Empire and Egypt developed. Therefore, it is crucial to explain how bureaucracy has changed and shifted along the modernization axis. It can be said that a modernization movement started in Egypt as a result of the Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali Pasha's desire to forge a sphere of influence apart from the Ottoman Empire. This modernization movement led to the emergence of a new elite known as Ottoman Egypt. However, over time, this elite lost its dominance and was succeeded by a nationalist elite. Understanding the Egyptian administrative tradition thus requires looking at how the bureaucracy and its elites have changed. The purpose of this thesis is to provide an explanation of how Egypt's bureaucracy developed and changed during the nineteenth century. Utilizing a qualitative research method, the study examined the political, social, economic, legal, ideological, and bureaucratic aspects of this transformation. It was determined that Egypt's transformation was caused by bureaucracy and the Egyptian Ottoman elite evolved into a local elite.