German literature
99 theses under this subject heading
Türk-Alman yazını kapsamında Emı̇ne Sevgı̇ Özdamar'ın Aynadakı̇ Avlu anlatısı ve Ayna-Avlu motı̇f dı̇yalektı̇ğı̇
Edebiyat, yalnızca yazılı sanat değil, aynı zamanda sosyal bir bilim dalı olarak kabul edildiğinde, hem ufuk açan bir tarihi bağıntı, hem de hislerin kavrandığı bir sanat dalı olarak karşımıza çıkar. Ancak edebi metinleri anlamak, onları derinden kavramak için çeşitli prensiplerin arka planını edinmek gereklidir. Bu noktada kuramlar edebiyatın organları gibidir. Emine Sevgi Özdamar, Türk- Alman Edebiyatı içerisinde çeşitli eserler yaratmış, farklı düşünme yetisiyle yazın alanda kendine muhteşem bir yer edinmiştir. Yazar yalnızca Türk-Alman Edebiyatı alanı içerisinde değil, diğer dillerin de içinde yer aldığı alanlarda dikkat çekmeyi başarmıştır. Özdamar'ın Aynadaki Avlu adlı eseri, hem sosyolojik hem kültürel pek çok unsuru içinde barındırmakla birlikte, keyif verici bir betimleme ile yaşattığı duyguları eser içerisinde çarpıcı iki imge ile, öyküyü bambaşka bir boyuta taşımaktadır. Ayna ve Avlu imgeleri eser içerisinde sıklıkla karşılaşılan imgeler iken, imgelerin detaylandırılarak analiz edilmesi, okuyucunun deneyimlemediği duyguların esiri olduğunu fark ettiği bir edinime dönüşür. Ayna imgesi, çeşitli kuramlarla bağdaştırılarak ele alınmış imgelerden biridir. Diğer yandan avlu, Türk kültüründe önemli bir imgedir. Her iki imgenin eser içerisindeki diyalektiği kültür zenginliğiyle sarmalanıp, okuyucunun zihninde çarpıcı bir tat bırakır. Bu çerçevede gerçekleştirilen araştırmada, imge anlamanın bir edebi eserin bütünsel olarak anlaşılmasındaki temel etkileri üzerine odaklanılmış ve bu bağlamda bir dizi önemli unsur ele alınmıştır. İmge anlamayı etkileyen faktörlerin derinlemesine analizi, disipliner bilgilerin edebi eserlerin yorumlanmasında etkileyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Ayrıca, yazarı tanımanın eserin anlamına olan etkileri de bu çalışmanın odak noktalarından biridir. Bir yazarın hayatı, eserlerinin yazılış sürecini, içsel motivasyonlarını ve eserlerindeki temaların köklerini anlamak açısından kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu bağlamda, yazarın biyografik unsurları, eserlerin daha da derinlemesine çözümlenmesine olanak tanır. Yazarın hayatındaki deneyimler, eserlerin içsel zenginliğini besleyen temel unsurlardan biridir. Bu unsurların incelenmesi, edebi eserlerin sadece yüzeyde değil, aynı zamanda yazarın düşünsel dünyasındaki derinliklere inilerek anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunarak derin anlamayı sağlar.
Strukturalistische analyse der tendenzen der Ökolinguistik in deutsch und Türkischen kinderbüchern im hinblick auf umweltbewusstsein
Ecolinguistics is an interdisciplinary branch of science that is quite young. Its beginnings go back to the 60s. Einar Haugen made the start with his theory "Ecology of language". The development of ecological linguistics progressed thanks to Alwin Fill, who introduced the development of ecolinguistics. With his work Einführung in die Ökolinguistik, he popularized the new scientific field. With the pragmatic turn, the view of ecologists changed. They focused on the influence of human activity on the environment and ecosystems. As the climate crisis or climate change is now a global problem, ecolinguistics is concerned with environmental destruction issues. The aim is to save the future of humanity, nature, plants and animals. The interaction between language, humans and the environment is the starting point. The general question is, "Can language contribute to the development of environmental awareness?". In this work, ecolinguistics is used in comparative research. The history of its development, the areas of research and the scientists who have dealt with ecolinguistics are described. The cooperation of ecolinguistics with different branches of science is also discussed. The whole world is dealing with the problem of the "climate crisis". Different measures are also being taken in Turkey and Germany. These measures are discussed in the practical part. Six Turkish and six German children's and youth books that contain environmental themes were researched structurally with regard to ecolinguistic tendencies, taking into account identity formation and the language acquisition process.
Aydınlanma: Gelenekten yabancılaşma mıdır? Zafer Şenocak'ın Türk kültürüne yansıması - bir değişim süreci / Enlightenment: Alienation from tradition? Zafer Şenocak's reflection on Turkish culture – a process of change
Social, political, religious and literary changes are inevitable when it comes to migration. With migration, people leave their country and move to another one. Thus, they are confronted with a new culture, a new language and a new way of living. With the coming together of different cultures, it is possible to see the reflections of issues such as identity, culture, homeland, language, foreigner, other and self in literary works. Therefore, this study considers the book written in the prose genre and experimenting with a new genre, which is one of the last works of Zafer Senocak, a Turkish-German writer of Turkish origin, consisting of 5 essay collections of essays that he considers important, in the light of the concepts mentioned above. In addition, the author was interviewed and asked questions from the literary works analysed in this study. The aim of the study is to shed light on Zafer Şenocak's works and to reveal the main themes and intercultural aspects in order to position them within Turkish-German literature. For this purpose, interpretation theory and reception theory were used to read the works of Zafer Şenocak, who sees the world as a collection of signs. Within the scope of the results of the research, it has been seen that the subjects addressed in the author's collections of essays continue in his prose work and give results here. In addition, the results of this study can provide a better understanding of Zafer Şenocak's ideas in German as well as in Turkish and make them accessible to people. Keywords: Zafer Şenocak, Migration, Turkish-German Literature, Interpretation Theory, Reception Theory Soziale, politische, religiöse und literarische Veränderungen sind unvermeidlich, wenn es um Migration geht. Bei der Migration verlassen die Menschen ihr Land und ziehen in ein anderes Land. So werden sie mit einer neuen Kultur, einer neuen Sprache und einer neuen Lebensweise konfrontiert. Das Zusammentreffen verschiedener Kulturen führt dazu, dass sich Themen wie Identität, Kultur, Heimat, Sprache, Fremde, das Andere und das Eigene in literarischen Werken widerspiegeln. Daher werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die fünf Essaysammlungen von Zafer Şenocak, einem türkisch-deutschen Schriftsteller türkischer Herkunft und sein Prosabuch, in dem er ein neues Genre ausprobiert, im Lichte der oben genannten Konzepte analysiert. Darüber hinaus wurde ein Interview mit dem Schriftsteller geführt und ihm wurden Fragen zu den in der Arbeit analysierten literarischen Werken gestellt. Ziel der Studie ist es, Zafer Şenocak's Werke zu beleuchten und die wichtigsten Themen und interkulturellen Aspekte aufzuzeigen, um sie innerhalb der deutsch-türkischen Literatur zu verorten. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Hermeneutik und die Rezeptionsästhetik herangezogen, um die Werke von Zafer Şenocak zu lesen, der die Welt als eine Sammlung von Zeichen betrachtet. Im Rahmen der Forschungsergebnisse hat sich gezeigt, dass die in den Essaysammlungen des Autors behandelten Themen in seinem Prosawerk weitergeführt werden und hier zu Ergebnissen führen. Darüber hinaus können die Ergebnisse dieser Studie dazu beitragen, die Ideen von Zafer Şenocak sowohl auf Deutsch als auch auf Türkisch besser zu verstehen und sie den Menschen zugänglich zu machen. Schlüsselwörter: Zafer Şenocak, Migration, Deutsch-Türkische Literatur, Hermeneutik, Ästhetik
Emine Sevgi Özdamar'ın "Hayat Bir Kervansaray" ve "Haliçli Köprü" adlı eserlerinin toplumsal cinsiyet penceresinden incelenmesi
Bu çalışmamızda Emine Sevgi Özdamar'ın "Hayat Bir Kervansaray (Das Leben ist eine Karawanserei hat zwei Türen, aus einer kam ich rein, aus der anderen ging ich raus)" (1992) ve "Haliçli Köprü (Die Brücke Vom Goldenen Horn)" (1998) eserleri üzerinde durduk. Bu çalışma, amacı gereği toplumsal cinsiyetin göçmen edebiyatındaki yansımalarını ortaya koymaktadır. Emine Sevgi Özdamar'ın bu çalışmada seçilmiş olmasının temel sebeplerinden biri eril bakış açısından sıyrılan kadın göçmen yazarı olmasıdır. Bir diğer neden ise Alman okurlar tarafından kabul görmesidir. Elbette Özdamar başka çalışmaların da incelenme konusu olmuştur. Burada diğer çalışmalardan ayrışan nokta ise eserlerine toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamındaki yaklaşımıdır. Söz konusu toplumsal cinsiyet kavramı olduğunda iki yönelim görmekteyiz: 1. Biyolojik olarak 2. Bireyin toplumdaki yeri olarak. Bu iki yönelimde çalışmamızın başlıca sorununu oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle bir kadın yazar tarafından kaleme alınan eserlerde yine bir kadının nasıl yansıtıldığı yukarıda belirtilen eserler çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Emine Sevgi Özdamar eserlerinde hem Türkiye'deki hem de Almanya'daki yaşantıdan anlatması sebebiyle iki toplumu karşılaştırmamıza ve toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında farklı yaklaşımları belirginleştirmemize imkân sağlamıştır. Bu araştırmada, toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden göçmen edebiyatı ele alınarak bu bağlamda, toplumsal cinsiyetin göçmenleri ne ölçüde etkilediği, yaşanılan toplumun kültürel oluşumlarını (sosyal açıdan nasıl temsil edildiğini) ve edebiyata olan yansımaları ele alınmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde, çalışmanın temelini oluşturan toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında Türk toplumunun bireylere yaklaşımının göçmen edebiyatı içinde yer alan eserlere yansımasını sınıflandırarak ortaya konulmuştur.
Interkulturelle aspekte in der Deutschen gegenwartsliteratur am beispiel der Orient-und Türkenbilder in den romanen "Sieger Nach Punkten" von Thorsten Becker, "Selim oder die Gabe der Rede" von Sten Nadolny und "Das Verschwinden des Schattens in der Sonne" von Barbara Frischmuth
The cultural diversity of today's world increases the interest in the foreign cultures. Literature, in which this interest arises, can be seen as a platform for getting to know other cultures. In this context, the present study aims to analyse the intercultural components in the samples of contemporary German literature using the novels Winner on points by Thorsten Becker, Selim or the Talent of Speaking by Sten Nadolny and The Shadow Disappears in the Sun by Barbara Frischmuth. It was questioned whether the novels in question have intercultural potential by supporting the intercultural agreement by prioritizing the meeting of different cultures they have brought with the literary studies of the Turkish culture as the other and making use of the knowledge of intercultural literature. At the same time, it was questioned whether the eastern images exhibited by the novels continued their previous perception patterns or they presented a new intercultural literature style by comparing them with the old eastern images in the history of German Literature. As a literary work, Thorsten Becker's novel, as a masterpiece which has never been dealt with before and which is a wide-ranging work, is prioritized in the analysis section, and the plot is scrutinized in terms of its characters, the narration of Turkish-Ottoman history, Islamic images, intercultural elements and current social discourses. As a result, the analysis of the works reveals that all three novels have an important place in contemporary German literature because they perceive Turkish foreigners in a different way and move away from traditional orientalism and promote an empathy-oriented perception, in which stereotypes can be overcome by providing new perspectives to the Turks. In addition, the study of the concept of literary interculturality in novels has shown that German writers who do not have immigrant backgrounds can produce literary works that have an intercultural potential and are of great importance in today's multicultural societies.
Türk ve Alman edebiyatından seçilen eserlerde engelli karakterlerin sunuluş biçimleri (Kemal Tahir – Köyün Kamburu, Hasan Ali Toptaş – Sonsuzluğa Nokta, Stefan Zweig – Ungeduld des Herzens, Günter Grass - Blechtrommel)
Engelli bireyler son yıllarda sosyal bilimlerde birçok çalışmanın konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada da engellilik çalışmalarının temel vurgularını da göz önünde bulundurarak, fiziksel engelli bireylerin edebi eserdeki temsili ele alınacaktır. Edebi eserlerde engelli bireyi kaleme alan yazarların tutumu, engelliliğin yazınsallaştırılması, engelli bireyin nasıl bir karakter çizimi ile okuyucuya sunulduğu ve hangi bağlamlarda aktarıldığı Türk ve Alman edebiyatından seçilen toplamda dört eserde (Kemal Tahir, Köyün Kamburu; Hasan Ali Toptaş, Sonsuzluğa Nokta; Stefan Zweig, Ungeduld des Herzens; Günter Grass, Blechtrommel) açıklanacaktır. Bir diğer önemli soru, engelliliğin sosyal gerçeklik ile mi yoksa yazınsallığın en belirgin özelliklerinden biri olan kurgu olarak mı kaleme alındığıdır. Eserler arasındaki benzerlikler, farklılıklar ya da ortak noktalar ortaya çıkarılacaktır.
1990 sonrası Alman çocuk ve gençlik edebiyatında "Türk Çocukları" motifi
Almanya'da en büyük yabancı çoğunluğu oluşturan Türkler ve onların çocukları edebiyat alanında bazı roman ve hikâyelerde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Almanya'da yaşayan, çocuk ve gençlik yazını bağlamında eserlerini kaleme alan Türk kökenli ve Alman yazarların eserleri tarihsel olarak karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde incelenecektir. Günümüzde daha çok göçmen edebiyatı olarak adlandırılan Türk – Alman edebiyatı kendi içerisinde taşıdıkları özellikler doğrultusunda dönemlere ayrıştırılarak, her bir döneme denk gelecek üç tane eser seçilecek ve yazdıkları eserler özelliklerine göre değerlendirilecektir. İncelenecek eserler 1990-2020 yılları arasında kronolojik olarak sıralanarak çocuk ve gençlik edebiyatında nasıl bir değişim oluştuğu somutlaştırılmaya çalışılacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler Göç, Çocuk ve Gençlik Edebiyatı, Almanya, Türkiye, Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyat
Der werteverfall in den erzählwerken von Heinrich Böll nach dem 2. Weltkrieg
The aim of the thesis is to highlight a definition of the term values in the theoretical field. The essence of the work is to describe the theoretical foundations of the values of a culture, language and society. To this end, this section first gives a brief introduction to the topic of culture, language and society, so that in the next section keywords associated with the concept of values can be shown, for example linguistic, cultural and social values. In addition, the term value is presented in connection with the terms deterioration, change, loss. The word depreciation is taken and formulated in terms of depreciation. In addition, the term value is presented in connection with the terms deterioration, change, loss. The decline in value, change in value, and depreciation in relation to the term value will be discussed later. In this part of the doctoral thesis, the theoretical foundations of the term depreciation are presented using the example of Nietzsche, Lukacs and Adorno. Then, using the example of Georg Simmel, sociology of values, cultural and social degeneration and the degeneration of language according to Ferdinand Saussure are presented. In addition, the historical background of the 2nd World War is explained here. The aim of the work in the practical section is to delve into the post-World War II works of Heinrich Böll to embody the concept of decline in value. How the degeneration of cultural, linguistic and social values led to a transformation at the end of World War II. Depending on the content of the research, the cultural, linguistic and social decline in values necessary for the study, the works are discussed, that is, the passages in the works are written, for example, the cultural, social, linguistic depreciation at the end of World War II. Finally, Heinrich Böll's narrative works are presented as a reflection of the war on society. It was a mirror of the social structure, philosophy and complexity of that period. Keywords: Value, depreciation, World War II, female figures, Author Heinrich Böll Meine Diplomarbeit besteht aus zwei Bereiche. Einmal aus einem theoretischen und aus einem praktischen Teil. Im Theoretischen Bereich der Arbeit wird versucht einer Definition von dem Begriff Wert zu geben. Das Wesen der Studie besteht darin, die theoretischen Grundlagen der Werte einer Kultur, Sprache und Gesellschaft zu erläutern. Hierzu wird zuvor zunächst eine kurze Einführung in das Thema Sprache, Kultur und Gesellschaft geben. Nebst werden die Begriffe wie Wertverfall, Wertwandel, Wertverlust hierbei aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln konkretisiert. In diesem Rahmen werden im theoretischen Teil Nietzsche, Lukacs und Adorno Ansichten herangezogen. Anschließend wird ausgehend von Georg Simmel Ansatz der Begriff Wert näher betrachtet. Abschließend wird die Trümmerliteratur als Reflektion des Krieges auf die Gesellschaft dargestellt. Im praktischen Teil der Arbeit wird am Beispiel von Heinrich Böll Werke der Wertverfall erörtert. In den Werken von Böll wird veranschaulicht, wie die kulturelle, gesellschaftliche und sprachliche Werte durch den Krieg sich ändern. Es werden Passagen aus den Romanen von Böll herausgenommen, klassifiziert und interpretiert. Die Gründe und ihre Folgen vom gesellschaftlichen Wertverfall werden hierbei vor allem hervorgehoben. Hierbei wird insbesondere auf das Frauenbild eingegangen. Zumal man betonen muss, dass der Autor Böll in seinen literarischen Schaffen mit zahlreichen und unterschiedlichen Frauenfiguren eine gute Basis für die Arbeit gibt. Im Laufe der Jahrhunderte haben Frauen aufgrund sozialer Zwänge und einer auf bestimmten Werten basierenden Erziehung ein anderes Denken (und Verhalten) und ein anderes Selbstbild als Männer entwickelt. Nie war das Leben der Frauen in der deutschen Gesellschaft einfach, was sich auch in die Literatur reflektiert, aber mit dem Krieg standen sie vor einem großen Problem. Neben dem Haushalt mussten sie auch in Fabriken arbeiten, um Geld zu verdienen, um ihre Familien zu versorgen. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden Bölls Frauenfiguren in dieser Arbeit aus dem oben genannten Perspektiven analysiert. Die Werke des Autors sind detailliert geordnet und in verschiedene Kategorien eingeteilt. Schlussfolgernd wird versucht in Bölls Werken der Begriff Wertverfall in Bezug auf die Frau zu filtern und einen allgemeinen Stereotyp zu schaffen. Schlüsselwörter: Wert, Wertverfall, 2. Weltkrieg, Frauenmotiv, Heinrich Böll
Die integrationsproblematik und identitätserschaffung aus der perspektive des multikulturalismus. Eine politisch- und literarische debatte in den werken der autoren Serdar Somuncu und Thilo Sarrazin
The international migration therefore appears to be one of the most challenging and complex issues that governments have to deal with, especially nowadays. With the existence of different groups like foreigners, locals, citizens, immigrants and refugees, it is very difficult for countries to have a homogeneous social structure. Demands are made for coherence in migration policies, but it is not an easy goal as different values need to be reconciled, including economic, security and humanitarian. At this point, multiculturalism is one of the most important topics of discussion in contemporary political theory and it is based on the demands of ethnocultural groups for the recognition of their identity and culture. Multiculturalism is still a controversial issue for Germany and is not officially recognized by Germany. This situation leads to a deepening debate between the nature of citizenship and belonging in Germany in the context of integration. In this context, the aim of the work is to find an answer to Germany's integration problem with multiculturalism and to make a contribution to the literature with an alternative reading of existing problems. For this purpose, the methodology of the work and then the concepts of multiculturalism and identity are discussed in the first part of the work. After giving the definition of multiculturalism and its historical development, the views of Charles Taylor and Will Kymlicka, who represent the communitarian and liberal view, are included. In the second chapter, the integration in Germany was debated and the applicability of the Canadian model in Germany was mentioned, giving the appearance of multiculturalism in different countries. In the practical part of the work, the works of the authors, "Der Antitürke" Serdar Somuncus and "Deutschland schafft sich ab" Thilo Sarrazins were examined, which represent the different ideas of integration and to which the critical discourse analysis of Ruth Wodak was applied. Die internationale Migration erscheint heutzutage als eines der herausforderndsten und komplexesten Probleme, mit denen Regierungen umgehen müssen. Mit der Existenz unterschiedlicher Gruppen wie Ausländer, Einheimische, Bürger, Einwanderer, Flüchtlinge ist es für Länder sehr schwierig, eine homogene soziale Struktur zu haben. Die Anforderungen werden an die Kohärenz in der Migrationspolitik gestellt, aber es ist kein leichtes Ziel, da unterschiedliche Werte miteinander in Einklang gebracht werden müssen, einschließlich wirtschaftlicher, sicherheitsbezogener und humanitärer. An dieser Stelle ist der Multikulturalismus eines der wichtigsten Diskussionsthemen in der zeitgenössischen politischen Theorie und er basiert auf den Forderungen ethnokultureller Gruppen nach der Anerkennung ihrer Identität und Kultur. Der Multikulturalismus ist für Deutschland noch ein umstrittenes Thema und wird von Deutschland nicht offiziell anerkannt. Diese Situation führt zu einer sich vertiefenden Debatte zwischen dem Wesen der Staatsbürgerschaft und der Zugehörigkeit in Deutschland im Kontext der Integration. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es in diesem Zusammenhang, eine Antwort auf das Integrationsproblem Deutschlands mit dem Multikulturalismus zu finden und mit einer alternativen Lesart zu bestehenden Problemen einen Beitrag zur Literatur zu leisten. Zu diesem Zweck werden im ersten Teil der Arbeit zunächst die Methodik der Arbeit und dann die Begriffe der Multikulturalismus und die Identität diskutiert. Nachdem die Definition des Multikulturalismus und seine historische Entwicklung gegeben wird, werden die Ansichten von Charles Taylor und Will Kymlicka einbezogen, die die kommunitaristische und liberale Sicht vertreten. Im zweiten Kapitel wurde die Integration in Deutschland debattiert und die Anwendbarkeit des kanadischen Modells in Deutschland erwähnt. Im praktischen Teil der Arbeit wurden die Werke der Autoren, „Der Antitürke" Serdar Somuncus und „Deutschland schafft sich ab" Thilo Sarrazins unter die Lupe genommen, die die unterschiedliche Integrationsvorstellungen vertreten und an denen die kritische Diskursanalyse von Ruth Wodak angewendet wurde.
Literarische synthese zum Türkischen frauenbild. ein vergleich der protagonistinnen bei Kurban Said: Das Mädchen vom Goldenen Horn und Fatma Aydemir: Ellbogen
This article deals with a historical-literary evaluation of the Orient on the basis of the work by Kurban Said, written in German in 1938 and translated into Turkish in 2020, who wrote with this novel "Das Mädchen vom Goldenen Horn" a kind of literary treatise on the cultural conflict between the Orient and the Occident. The Orient is embodied by the protagonist Asiadeh, but begins in the Occident, in Berlin, and ends in the Orient or at least in the sensual longing for it. It follows that a controversy arises between the Occident (Berlin) and the Orient (Istanbul). The novel describes the cultural, oriental and feminine potential of Turkish society in the diaspora and accordingly defines its values. In addition, the historical and political events are explained and allow an explicit research of Kurban Said to emerge. The present contribution defines the literary standpoints on the Orient, Occident and Turkish culture and integrates them into the scientific Orient cycle. To make a comparison to the Modern, the work by Fatma Aydemir, written about 100 years later: Elbow, is added. Keywords Home, identity, classical literature, orient, occident
Edebiyatta yanlılık sorunsalı ve yanlılığın yazınsal yapıtlardaki oluşturum biçimleri
Sanat ve edebiyatın, ideoloji ve toplum arasında nasıl bir konumda yer aldığı ve alması gerektiği üzerine birçok görüş vardır. Edebiyatta yazarın veya şairin ideolojisini yapıtlarına yansıtıp yansıtmaması özgür seçimidir. Yanlılık, sanat ve edebiyatın estetik yapısını belirleyen unsur olmadığı sürece ve yanlı sanatçı veya yazar eserlerine yüksek estetik sanatsal özellik kazandırıyorsa, burada yanlı tutum olumsuz bir nitelik olarak görülmemelidir. Sömürülen ve ezilen halkın yaşadıklarına tanıklık eden Bertolt Brecht ve Nazım Hikmet baskıya karşı halkın direnişini estetikleştiren yapıtlarıyla çok açık şekilde yanlılıklarını ortaya koymuş yazarlardır. Nazım Hikmet, sanatçının önemli özelliğinin dünya görüşü olduğunu ve taraf olmasının bu nedenle gerekli olduğunu belirtmektedir. Brecht ise sanat ve edebiyatı, dünyanın değişiminde önemli etmen olarak görmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yazınbiliminde Yanlılık kavramının Türk ve Alman yazınından seçilen eserlerdeki rolünü ve yansımalarını karşılaştırmalı olarak, marksist, sosyolojik ve yorum-bilimsel inceleme yöntemleri ışığında açıklamaktır. Çalışmada toplumcu gerçekçiliği benimsemiş olan Brecht ve Hikmet'in ideolojik yaklaşımlarının oluşma aşamasında etkilendikleri ideoloji ve toplumsal olaylar incelenecek, öncelikle yazınsallaştırma biçimleri gösterilecek ve yanlılığın yazınsal eserlerde nasıl ve hangi biçimlerde oluşturulduğu tespit edilecektir.
Hoffmann Von Fallerslebens Kinderlyrik. Ein interkultureller zugang durch die Türkische übersetzung ausgewählter werke aus der zeit des Vormärz
Kinderlieder und -gedichte sind als Vermittler zwischen verschiedenen Kulturen zu sehen, da sie wie literarische Texte, Träger der entsprechenden Kultur sind. Durch ihre pädagogische Funktion erleben die Kinder die Sprache durch Kinderlieder als spielerisch und erwerben diese auf eine ganz andere Weise, als Erwachsene beispielsweise eine Fremdsprache erlernen. Da die deutsche Kultur reich an Kinderliedern ist, tauchte die Idee auf, diese ins Türkische zu übersetzen und das Repertoire der türkischen Kinderlieder zu erweitern. Diese Idee wurde durch ein Projekt zusammen mit der Kulturabteilung der Deutschen Botschaft Ankara unterstützt. Für das Projekt und die vorliegende Arbeit wurden 13 Kinderlieder der Epoche Vormärz und Biedermeier ausgewählt und zunächst auf ihre Metrik und ihr Reimschema hin analysiert. Ohne diese Analyse wäre eine reine Übersetzung nicht zutreffend, da es sich hier nicht um Sachtexte sondern um literarische, ja sogar um Lieder handelt, dessen Verse jeweils ein unterschiedliches Reimschema aufweisen. Zudem wurde versucht darzustellen, ob die Melodie im Ausgangstext durch diesen Übersetzungsprozess in den Zieltext erhalten bleibt und ob es sprachliche Barrieren während der Übersetzung gibt und wenn ja, wie diese aufgehoben werden können.
Women's image research and representation of problem situations of Turkish women on the basis of selected works by Saliha Scheinhardt
The present work deals with the image of women in Turkey. On the basis of the investigations carried out, an attempt is made to highlight the role of women in the traditional Turkish society and to provide an overview of gender-specific roles in Turkey. For this purpose, both domestic violence against women and its appearances and the impacts on its victims and also the social pressure on women are determined. In a further step the disadvantages of women on social, political and economic level are visualized and the cultural backgrounds for its discrimination on the labor market are being researched. Part of the information for the investigation was acquired in a social analysis by means of selected literary works by Saliha Scheinhardt, another part on the basis of independently recorded audio recordings at the workshop at Hacettepe University and at the reading in the Goethe Institute, with the author's consent. For the study, the novels "Schmerzensklänge", "Wahnliebe" and "Frauen, die sterben, ohne dass sie gelebt hätten" by the just mentioned writer were used and the sound recordings were transcribed. On the basis of the investigations could be represented the problem situation of Turkish women in traditional societies clearly.
Das walbaby" von Yüksel Pazarkaya übersetzung oder eine neufassung? -eine übersetzungswissenschaftliche auseinandersetzung
Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine komparative Analyse des Kinderbuchs Balina'nın Bebeği in Deutsch Wal-Baby, welches von Yüksel Pazarkaya geschrieben und ins Deutsche selbst übersetzt wurde. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird ein Einblick in die Geschichte der Übersetzung geliefert und einige für die Selbstübersetzung relevante Übersetzungstheorien gegliedert. Anschließend wurden die Selbstübersetzungstheorien beschrieben. Um das Thema besser zu veranschaulichen, wurden Beispiele über die Erfahrungen einiger wichtiger Autoren, die als Selbstübersetzer tätig sind, beschrieben. Um die Grundlage der Analyse zu bilden, wurden Beispiele aus dem Werk Balina'nın Bebeği, welches aus dem Türkischen ins Deutsche übersetzt wurde, selektiert. Insgesamt wurden für die Analyse 37 Beispiele ausgewählt. Anschließend wurden die Beispiele auf ihre Übersetzungsmethoden und Verfahren untersucht. Für diese Untersuchung wurden die Übersetzungsmethoden, von L. Venuti verwendet. Hierbei wurde eine Unterteilung der einzelnen Beispiele nach der domestizierenden und der verfremdenden Übersetzungsmethode durchgeführt. Dem Ergebnis dieser Unterteilung zufolge, sind Zweiunddreißig der analysierten Beispiele mit der domestizierenden Übersetzungsmethode und nur Fünf mit der verfremdenden Methode übertragen worden. Bei der Analyse der Übersetzungsverfahren, die Pazarkaya angewandt hat, liegt der Schwerpunkt, auf den Verfahren, die seinen ZT der Zielkultur anpassen, wie z. B. die Adaptation. Somit lässt sich erschließen, dass Pazarkaya bei seiner Selbstübersetzung die Zielkultur in den Vordergrund stellt, hat.
Eine komparatistische Untersuchung des Motivs der "Großen Mutter" im Drama des 20. Jahrhunderts: in Friedrich Dürrenmatts "Der Besuch der Alten Dame", Tennessee Williams' "Suddenly Last Summer" und Güngör Dilmens "Ben, Anadolu"
The literature science works with many disciplines cooperatively and improves its structure. No longer is it possible to regard literature only as a field for story books, novels or leisure activities. Day by day literature proves that it is indeed a science. World-wide popular books are not only adapted either as movies or TV series, but also analysed as literary and digital versions by the academic world. The reason why literature is a part of our lives is that it enriches its structure with the support of other disciplines; such as psychology, philosophy, sociology, religion and mythology, which proves the fact that they are of importance for literature and that they are an essential part of our lives. Hence, literature helps a person not only to face himself, but also to be a bridge between his past and his future. It transfers the conscious. Derived from the stated idea, in this master's thesis it is aimed to state out this transfer of conscious in the three plays of the twentieth century. The main objective of this master's thesis is to demonstrate the motive "magna mater" in other words "the great mother" within the scope of the main figures of the plays of the following playwrights: Friedrich Dürrenmatt's "The Visit of the Old Lady", Tennessee Williams' "Suddenly Last Summer" and Güngör Dilmen's "I, Anatolia". The idea of the analysis has been inspired by the archetypal theory of the Swiss Psychologist Carl Gustav Jung. The archetype "the Great Mother" has been analysed upon the perspective of mythology and philosophy within the context of the motives and the symbols belonging to the main figures of the plays. The main objective of this master's thesis is not only the comparison of the main figures of these plays, which have been written by the authors from three different geographies, but also the proof of the fact that the main figure comprises of the features of the archetype "the Great Mother".
Die intellektuelle physiognomie der künstlerischen gestalten und besonderheit des kunstwerkes in der literaturkunst. Eine vergleichende analyse. Dargestellt an den ausgewählten romanen Von Herta Müller und Orhan Pamuk
The aim of this study is to analyse "the intellectual physiognomy in characterization" approach of Lukács through a pluralist method in Herta Müller's and Orhan Pamuk's selected novels comparatively. In order to understand what Lukács means by the concept of intellectual physiognomy, the concepts of physiognomy and physiognomic that provide basis for the approach in question will be dealt as the field of meaning and use primarily and especially the relation between literature and the concept of physiognomic will be evaluated within the context of internal-external dialectics. In this sense, the determinations of Lukács within the frame of the intellectual physiognomy in characterization approach exposits the figure in an artwork to be considered in a multifaceted way in question. Lukács underlines internal-external dialectics by the term of intellectual physiognomy analogously to the physiognomic approach. Differently from that, he points out the spiritual and sensory associations of physiognomy in a pluralist manner. According to Lukács, figures affect each other, subject, space and the style of the author in a hierarchical order. So, his specified points from the aspect of characterization within the scope of intellectual physiognomy of artistic figures approach will be found out. Subsequently, the novels "Reisende auf einem Bein" of the nobel-winning German author Herta Müller and "Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık" of the nobel-winning Turkish author Orhan Pamuk will be analysed within the frame of characterization in consideration of Lukács's approach in question. The similar and divergent aspects of the two authors will be revealed comparatively in this context. The author's interwoven and multifaceted characterization of the individual with his/her society are observed clearly on figures in Pamuk's and Müller's selected works. In this study, it is inferred that one of the most remarkable factors of the authors' transferring their locality to universality is their figures with intellectual physiognomy. Keywords Physiognomy, Georg Lukács, Characterization, Intellectual Physiognomy, Specialty of Artworks, Herta Müller, Orhan Pamuk.
Kültürlerarası bağlamda Yüksel Pazarkaya'nın eseri "Ben Aranıyor" ve çevirisi "Ich und die Rose" örneğinde özçeviri
Bi- or multilingualism is a common phenomenon due to increased migration and globalization. It is also possible to see the reflections of this situation in the field of literature. Many multilingual writers use their qualification to express themselves in their literary work. This bilingual writing allows many authors to translate their own literary works for different reasons. Yüksel Pazarkaya not only owes his special position in Contemporary German Literature to his bilingual work, but is also an exception because he works as a self-translator, and he is almost the only one among Turkish-German writers of Turkish origin who writes his work in two languages. This study provides an overview of how Pazarkaya utilizes the translation process as a self-translator. On the basis of first published "Ben Aranıyor" and its translation "Ich und die Rose", it aims to reveal what privileges self-translators have in contrast to conventional translators. The results of the analysis show that Pazarkaya used the self-translation process to improve his work and continued to write the German version in that process.
Die darstellung von ‚krankheit' und ‚kunst' in ausgewählten erzählungen von Thomas Mann
In this thesis the representations of the two concepts 'illness' and 'art' are analysed in some selected short stories by Thomas Mann. His "Der Wille zum Glück ", "Der kleine Herr Friedemann" and "Tristan" were found available for our purpose. The reason why we choose them is that these two concepts can be shown clearly in these short stories. The concept of illness emerges as reflections of degeneration and collapse in the Décadence-period. The most significant feature of this period is the tendency towards art. The perception of art in the period and the position of the artist in society draw attention with the motifs of 'illness' in these three works of the author. 'Women figures', 'nature', 'death' and 'the north-south problem' strengthen these two concepts and therefore, these concepts were considered as important and were emphasized in the appropriate sections. At the beginning of our study, Thomas Mann's biography and the period of literature were mentioned. In addition, the philosophers whose ideas influenced the author were also included. This information was also useful in the analysis process of our work. The concept of illness was discussed in both medical and metaphorical meaning. The role of the artist in the society was also examined under a separate title since it was thought to be useful in the analysis of short stories by Thomas Mann. In the analysis section of the study, the characters in the works were evaluated in terms of their connections with illness and art. It was stated that both concepts were presented by symbolizing the figures in these short stories. Considering the characteristics of the literary period in which the author is present, the illnesses of the figures were interpreted as Décadence-period disease. The tendency towards art in this period appeared as the artists who can no longer be productive.
Friedrich Dürrenmatt'ın Yaşlı Hanım'ın Ziyareti" ve Haldun Taner'in Gözlerimi Kaparım Vazifemi Yaparım adlı eserlerinde toplumsal eleştiri
The main purpose of the thesis is to research the factors that cause the societies to be sane and/or insane in both plays and to put down the social criticism, which was observed in these plays being departed from these factors. While this thesis is searching for an answer of following question: 'What means society?', it communes with another question: 'What are the symptoms of a sane and/or insane society?'; social criticism is approached with recourse to the humanistic, social psychoanalysis in both modern theatre plays belonging to German Literature written by Friedrich Dürrenmatt who was a witness of Second World War, The Visit and belonging to Turkish Literature written by Haldun Taner who was also a witness of Second World War, Gözlerimi Kaparım Vazifemi Yaparım. This thesis is divided into seven chapters: In the first chapter, it is explained why this plays are analyzed in this thesis. In the second chapter, the term society is focused and the term social criticism is defined related to the term disease. Then, the stage is considered as a laboratory and on the ground of humanistic and social psychoanalysis, it is tried to identify the reasons how the societies are dressed up and what is hidden under masks, like war, crisis etc. In the third chapter, social figures, who are caricatured, are examined in detail. The differences and similarities between both plays are explained; also it is shown how Dürrenmatt and Taner describe their figures, who are caricatured in society on stage. In the fourth chapter, it is dealt with how both dramatists impressed by Brecht use the alienation effect in their plays. It is especially focused upon the alienation of language, the role of music and choruses in plays and the role of narrator, who plays a key role in plays or the figures who take on tasks of narrator. In the fifth chapter, tragic and comedic elements are examined in three basic spaces: world space, theatre space and society space. Basing on these three spaces, it is determined that the figures on stage are portrayed with satire, humor, irony, sometimes with grotesque and sometimes also with paradox and parody. In the sixth chapter, it is dwelled on the question whether the society is sane or insane in the light of epilogue or the act regarded as epilogue. It is explained how the masks of figures in the society are unmasked because of the consequences which are caused to weaken the immune system of a sane society. As a conclusion, it is ascertained in the seventh chapter that the society faced with a war and/or a crisis cannot be defined as sane society, but as long as the society preserves its existence, it can be seen as a normal, reasonable society as it represents all together both sane and insane figures. Key Words: sane/insane society, humanistic psychoanalysis, mirror, theatre, social figures
Bilindik olanın yabancılığı: Judith Hermann'ın seçilmiş öykülerinde yolculuklar, karşılaşmalar, mekanlar ve hatıralar
Almanya'nın yetiştirdiği genç yazarlardan biri olan Judith Hermann gerek yazdığı kitaplarla gerekse basına verdiği demeçlerle son yılların kendinden en çok bahsettiren isimleri arasına girmeyi başardı. 1970 Berlin doğumlu kadın yazar aldığı gazetecilik eğitimi sonrası gittiği Amerika'da yazma tutkusuna yenik düşüp, Almanya'ya dönüşünün ardından 1998 yılında ilk kitabı Yaz Evi, Daha Sonra'yı (orj. Sommerhaus später) yayımladı. Kitap, aralarında Türkçe'nin de olduğu 17 farklı dile çevrildi ve sadece Almanya sınırları içerisinde değil çevrildiği bütün ülkelerde büyük yankı uyandırdı. Yankılara tepkisiz kalmayan Hermann ise yazarlık kariyerine devamında da sayısız öykü ve bir de roman sığdırarak Çağdaş Alman Edebiyatındaki yerini sağlamlaştırdı. Genç kadın yazar kaleminden dökülenler ile günümüz bireylerin karmaşık iç ve dış dünyalarına ışık tutmayı başarmış, gerçek aşka ve gerçek sevgiye duydukları açlığı ve özlemi en yalın hali ile ortaya koymuş, uzak ülkelere, uzak şehirlere çıkılan seyahatleri ve seyahatlerde biriktirilen anıları kaydetmiş ve bütün bu unsurları renkli mozaik taşları misali birleştirerek devasa bir resim oluşturmayı başarmıştır. Bu yankılara bilim dünyası da duyarsız kalmamış, dünyanın birçok üniversitesinde Hermann eserleri içeriksel, dilsel ve biçimsel açıdan incelenmiş, anlatıların dönemimiz bağlamında birçok farklı perspektiften önemi vurgulanmıştır. Bu tez çalışması tutunmayı başaramamış bütün bir kuşağın aynadaki yansımasını incelemeyi kendine amaç edinmiştir. Üç bölümden oluşan yüksek lisans tezinin birinci bölümü dönemi ve dönem özelliklerini ele almış, dönemi şekillendirmekte büyük rol sahibi kadın yazarı ve onun modern edebiyattaki yerini tartışmıştır. Tezin ikinci bölümünde seçilmiş yedi öyküye yer verilmiştir. Bunlar seyahatler, karşılaşmalar, mekanlar ve anılar başlıkları altında incelenmiş olup Çağdaş Alman Edebiyatı açısından birçok önemli faktörü çeşitli alıntı ve kaynaklar aracılığı ile gözler önüne sermiştir. Yüksek lisans tez çalışmasının üçüncü kısmında ise çağımızın en önemli yapı taşlarından birini temsil eden dil olgusu işlenmiştir. Kendi içinde ikiye ayrılan bu bölüm birincil olarak genç kadın yazar Judith Hermann'ın kendine has dilini incelemeyi amaçlamış, ardından yirminci yüzyılın en önemli edebiyat eleştirmenlerinden, kültür yorumcularından ve yazınbilimcilerinden biri olan Walter Benjamin'in 'Çevirmenin Görevi' metni ışığında İlknur Özdemir tarafından gerçekleştirilen çevirinin karşılaştırılmalı olarak incelenmesini hedeflemiştir.
Der junge Goethe und Werther als briefschreiber
The purpose of this thesis is to compare three letters written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and a sample letter selected among letters written by the main character Werther from Goethe's authored book The Sorrows of Young Werther. This book is the pioneer of the enthusiasm period in German literature history and the most important letter-novel sample in world literature. In this context, the writing style Letter gained great importance as a literary genre in 18th century German literature and is analyzed terminologically in the first part of the thesis. This is followed by the literary analysis where the periodical characteristics and phases are examined. A brief overview is given of the history of Letter writing manuals which had come to the forefront especially in 18th century. Both as a communication method and a literary genre, Letter is analyzed based on its development and importance during the historical, social and sociological structure of the Enlightenment and the Enthusiasm period. In the second part, in regard to his biography, three letters written by Young Goethe in his private life are analyzed in regard to his writing styles. The first letter that Young Goethe wrote was in Baroque writing style addressed to Ludwig Ysenburg von Buri when he was fourteen years old. The second letter which Goethe wrote to his sister Cornelia Goethe who was living in Frankfurt, was written under the influence of his Prof. Christian Führtegott Gellert when Goethe was a sixteen-year-old student at Leipzig University. The third and the most important letter is the one he wrote to Ernst Wolfgang Behrisch who had been his friend and mentor in Leipzig. This letter manifested all the eccentricities of the Enthusiasm period and expressed his emotional state in a dramatic way. In the third part of the thesis, shortly the travel of Young Goethe from Leipzig to Frankfurt, afterwards his trip to Strasburg where he went to complete his education, his meeting with Gottfried Herder which is accepted as the commencement of enthusiasm period and at last the period he spent in Wetzlar where he went to complete his internship, are narrated based on his biography. Furthermore, in this part, the origin story of The Sorrows of Young Werther is narrated. Afterwards, a letter dated sixteenth of June from this novel is compared to the Young Goethe's letter addressed to Ernst Wolfgang Behrisch which was introduced in the second part. The similarities and the writing styles of both letters are examined. The conclusion provides the findings of the comparative letter study of Goethe and Werther.
Vergessen und erinnern: Die verankerung der vergangenheit in Uwe Timms werken
The aim of this study is examining the past in the novels of Uwe Timm, a Modern German Author, named "Morenga", "In My Brother's Shadow" and "Hot Summer", in terms of social, cultural and personal memory. In the introduction chapter of the dissertation, the studies made in relation with the social, cultural and personal memory and the questions and problems pertaining to the aim of the dissertation have been touched upon. The first chapter of the dissertation is comprised of the theories concerning the forgetting, the past, and the social memory. In this context, the theories of Maurice Halbwachs, Pierre Nora, Aleida Assmann and Jan Assmann, the most important figures of the memory researches have been explained and the theories which might have importance for the dissertation have been chosen. The second chapter of the dissertation, it is discussed how literature has become a means for the collective memory and the remembering, and has been emphasized on the functions and influences of literature in terms of remembering. Nevertheless in the same chapter, it is tried to be shown how the past has emerged and used in the modern literature. The third chapter of the dissertation is comprised of the chosen novels of Uwe Timm, namely "Morenga", "In My Brother's Shadow" and "Hot Summer". In the "Hot Summer" novel printed in 1974, the author handles how the uprising was experienced in Hamburg and Munich in 68s, how Ullrich has become an activist in 68 movements, and casts a light upon the challenging process suffered by Ullrich and accordingly by German youth, the claim of liberation, street fights and their manner towards Vietnam war. Uwe Timm has written up the entire past, namely the 68 generation, right after the movements and provided the actual and the fictional stories of the past together. "Morenga", printed in 1978, provides a novel foresight in the nature bearing witness to the history. The Author who wrote up about the war experienced between the occupying Germans and the native Hereros and Hottentots in Namibia, which was a South African colony of Germany in 1904, tells the story of Namibia that gained its freedom today and the guerrilla warfare that are still ongoing in other places; and lets us to handle all these events from a different angle. Considering his bond with the past in this novel of him, it is observed that the author casts a light upon 1904, from the perspective of 1978. In the semi-autobiographical work of Timm named "In the Shadow of my Brother" that was published in 2003, the author questions being a pro-Nazi through the letters his brother Karl-Heinz who died in Russian front, left behind and through the lines of the diary. The work is more likely as a book of settlement with the crime, conscience, personal and national history as well as the social memory of Germans. The author who illuminates 1943 Germany with the light of 2003 significantly contributed to the memorial literature with this work of him. The theories, which cast a light on the novels mentioned above and examined in the dissertation the best, have been chosen and scrutinized. The novels have been examined in terms of the theories emphasized and it has been examined how all these terms have emerged in the novels within the culture-scientific and literature-scientific context. In the fourth chapter of the dissertation, the relation between the literature and theory has been emphasized and it has been concluded that the theories are not any means explaining the literature. The theories and the literature bi-directionally illuminate each other. However, the literary work always precedes these theories since it is dynamic and vivid. In the last, conclusion chapter, a short summary has been provided and it is evaluated what kind of subjects have been touched upon and what kinds of conclusions have been reached.
Alman literatüründe İslâm felsefesi algısı (Oryantalist Friedrich Heinrich Dieterici örneği)
19. yüzyıl Alman oryantalistlerinden biri olan Friedrich Heinrich Dieterici, Fârâbî'nin eserlerini ve İhvân-ı Safâ risâlelerini tahkik ve tercüme etmesiyle ön plana çıkmaktadır. Kendi döneminde kapalı ve mühürlü bir alan olan İslâm felsefesi, Dieterici gibi bazı Alman oryantalistlerin çalışmaları ile dikkat çekmeye başlamıştır. Tezimizin amacı, 19. Yüzyıl Alman literatürünü tarayarak İslâm felsefesine ilişkin bir bakış açısı sunmak ve bu bağlamda Dieterici'nin etkisini ortaya koymaya çalışmaktır. Tezimiz bir giriş, üç bölüm ve sonuç kısımlarından oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde oryantalizmin doğuşu ve gelişimi, Fransız ve İngiliz oryantalizmin Alman oryantalizmine etkisi, Alman oryantalistlerin çalışma alanları ve tercüme problemleri açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümde Alman oryantalistlerin ilk İslâm felsefesi çalışmaları, felsefe tarihi, İslâm felsefesi tarihi, Kindî, Fârâbî, İbn Sînâ, Gazzâli ve İbn Rüşd başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Son olarak üçüncü bölüm ise Friedrich Heinrich Dieterici'nin hayatı, eserleri, ilmî şahsiyeti, hocaları, öğrencileri ve İslâm felsefesi algısını içermektedir. Bu bölümde özellikle Dieterici'nin tercüme çalışmalarındaki problemler ele alınmıştır.
Der Einfluss des zweiten weltkrieges auf die kurzgeschichten der Deutschen autoren
Apearences like earthquake, sandstorm, war and so on are subjects for the authors work because the people are very effected by these events. The event executes and ends but the detrimental consequence remains. The harm starts after the disaster for the People. Authors who workes out specified subjects have a big obligation because they are not only describing the physical side but also the psychological side of the people. Even after the world war II appeared the world different for the authors. They wrote about the war to assist the suffering people and to worn the next generation. Authors who wrote in those times picked up their subjects from their environment. We can't know wether these literary texts helped the people at that time but their are very important documents for today. The life which was very hard for the people at this time, is showen by these documents. All these works and other happenings are experiences of human being. It is the literature by which the authors try to work up the problems of their past and to master these problems on a literaturical way. The authors showed the reality of the ruins, with "ruins" is not ment only the cities and streets but also the ruins of the souls, ideals and hopes from the people, the reality of war, death, suffering, undergoing and of survive, are all showen by them in literature. The people were forced blind into the war but they came back regained their sights because they had to make many experiences.