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Annelerin çocukların olumsuz duygularını sosyalleştirmesinin ve çocukların mizacının okul çağındaki çocukların içselleştirme ve dışsallaştırma problemleriyle boylamsal ilişkileri
Interest in identifying the precursors of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems has been increasing. Studies have shown that both parental socialization and children's temperamental characteristics trigger the chronicity and permanence of children's internalizing and externalizing problems. However, there is less research investigating the influences of parental socialization on children's internalizing and externalizing problems through children's temperament during middle childhood in non-Western contexts. Thus, this study aimed to examine the longitudinal relations between parental socialization of children's negative emotions, children's temperament and internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as the mediational effect of temperament on the relations between parental socialization and these problem behaviors with Turkish children. Total of 340 mothers and their children were recruited from Bolu, Istanbul, and Ankara. Coping with Negative Emotions scale at age 7, Children's Behavior Questionnaire at age 8, and CBCL/6-18 at age 9 were used in the study. Results showed that maternal punitive and minimization reactions were positively related to children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Attentional focusing and shifting were negatively associated with internalizing problems, and impulsivity was positively correlated with externalizing problems, but inhibitory control was negatively linked to externalizing problems. Moreover, maternal punitive reactions were negatively correlated with attentional focusing and shifting. Furthermore, maternal punitive reactions were directly and indirectly related to externalizing problems, and they indirectly influenced externalizing problems via inhibitory control. These findings suggest that maternal reactions to children's negative emotions and children's temperament contribute to better understanding of children's internalizing and externalizing problems.
Beliren yetişkinlik döneminde temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların karşılanmasının ve kimlik statülerinin iki sosyal çevrede incelenmesi
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived psychological needs satisfaction and identity statuses in emerging adults across two social contexts i.e., parents and best friend. Data were collected as online self-report questionnaires from emerging adults aged between 18 and 26. A total of 288 university students completed questionnaires related to identity statuses and basic psychological needs satisfaction with mother, father and best friend. The results showed that needs satisfaction with the peer was significantly greater than needs satisfaction with parents. In addition, there was a significant effect of year of university education on identity diffusion such that identity diffusion was more prevalent in first year students than students with at least five year university education. Futher, multiple regression analyses indicated that needs satisfaction with best friend predicted all the identity statuses. However, needs satisfaction from mother predicted identity moratorium together with best friend and needs satisfaction from father predicted identity foreclosure jointly with best friend. The findings were discussed in the light of previous studies and future directions were provided. Keywords: emerging adulthood, basic psychological needs satisfaction, identity statuses
Pakistan'da Ücret karşılığı çalışan ve çalışmayan ergenlerin özguveni ve yaşam doyumu
The present study is a mixed method study conducted with adolescents. The quantitative part of the study aims to examine the level of life satisfaction and selfesteem of a) working and non-working adolescents b) of adolescents who are forced to work and those who work on their own volition and c) the effect of family interdependence on the life satisfaction and self-esteem of working adolescents. Analysis revealed that working adolescents had higher levels of life satisfaction than non-working adolescents. The interaction between gender and the working status was also significant indicating that working girls had higher levels of life satisfaction as compared to non-working girls, whereas the difference between the life satisfaction scores of working and non-working males was not significant. Although results for self-esteem yielded no significant results, univariate analyses revealed that working girls had significantly higher levels of self-esteem than nonworking girls. The qualitative part aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of the meaning of working adolescents as it is perceived by working and non-working adolescents. The sample included 25 adolescents and thematic analyses revealed positive evaluations such as "enjoying working", "financial benefits" and "assisting family", whereas negative evaluations reflected themes such as "loss of educational opportunities", "heavy work demands", and that "adolescence is not the time to work". Cultural context of Pakistan, the school-attendance of the working adolescents as well as the female empowerment by bringing in money for the household are factors considered when discussing the results. Keywords: working adolescents, life satisfaction, self-esteem, familism
Yürütücü işlevler ve ilkokula hazır bulunuşluk arasındaki bağlantılar
In this study, links between executive functions and school readiness in 4- and 5-year-old Turkish children (N = 69) were examined. Both individual assessments (executive functions, and school readiness) and parent reports (executive functions, school readiness) were used to assess the variables of interest. Executive functions were assessed through hot and cool dimensions. It was hypothesized that hot executive functions would be related to social aspects of school readiness whereas cool executive functions would be related to cognitive aspects of school readiness (i.e., math and literacy). There was partial support for the hypotheses; cognitive and social aspects of school readiness were both predicted by cool and hot executive functions. In addition, parent reports were in the same line with behavioral assessments; school readiness was predicted by both cool and hot executive functions. Possible implications, limitations, and future directions were discussed in the light of the findings. Keywords: Hot and cool executive functions, school readiness, learning related behaviors
Ergenin anne-baba ve yakın arkadaşı ile bilgi paylaşma ve sır saklama davranışı ile psikolojik esenlik hali: Değişken ve birey odaklı inceleme
The present study examined adolescents' disclosure and secrecy behaviors in their close relationships and their psychological well-being (life satisfaction, problem-solving confidence, and (lower) trait anxiety). In a sample of 1232 adolescents (ages 11-19 years; 60.1 % girls), disclosure and secrecy across three relationship contexts were examined by variable- and person-centered approaches. With a variable-centered approach, the study examined the links between disclosure to and secrecy from mother, father, and best friend and psychological well-being using structural equational modeling (SEM) analysis. Results of SEM showed that higher disclosure and lower secrecy levels were related to higher psychological well-being. More specifically, variable-centered analysis results showed that higher disclosure and lower secrecy in relationship with father predicted better psychological well-being. Disclosure to and secrecy from mother were not found as much effective as the father in the model. Results did not support the relation between secrecy from best friend and well-being but high disclosure to best friend predicted higher well-being. With a person-centered approach, the study investigated adolescents' disclosure and secrecy behaviors in their relationships with their mother, father, and best friend through clusters. Cluster analysis yielded patterns in which adolescents share information with or keep secret from their parents which differ in levels of psychological well-being. The best friend-adolescent cluster was found to be significantly related to psychological well-being but the relation was weaker as compared to other clusters' relationship with psychological well-being indices. Findings are discussed by synthesizing the information yielded by variable- and person-centered analyses. Keywords: disclosure, secrecy, parents, friendship, adolescent psychological well-being, person-centered analysis, variable-centered analysis
Temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların aile ve öğretmenler tarafından karşılanmasının matematik dersindeki özbelirlenmiş motivasyon, öz-yeterlik ve performans ile ilişkisi
The propose of the current study was to examine the relations between the perceived gratification of basic psychological needs (autonomy, relatedness, and competence) in relationships with parents and mathematics teacher, and academic outcomes in mathematics among Turkish early adolescents. A total of 551 secondary school students completed the questionnaire; the questions assessed the level of perceived gratification of basic psychological needs in relationships with mother, father, and mathematics teacher, as well as academic self-efficacy, self-determined motivation, approach and avoidance goals in mathematics, and implicit theories of intelligence of adolescents. Path analyses showed that after controlling for the demographic variables, mathematics teacher's gratification of psychological needs was positively linked with all the academic outcomes; higher levels of mothers' gratification of psychological needs predicted higher self-determined motivation; and higher levels of fathers' gratification of psychological needs predicted higher levels of approach goals. There was no significant difference between fixed and growth mindset groups in the mediation model. However, univariate analysis of variance revealed significant mindset differences: growth mindset group had higher scores on all of the variables than the fixed mindset group. The findings were discussed considering the previous studies. Keywords: early adolescence, self-determination theory, basic psychological needs, motivation, mindset, academic self-efficacy, approach goals, avoidance goals
Okul öncesi dönemden okul dönemine geçişte dışsallaştırma ve içselleştirme davranış problemlerinin anne-babaların çocuk yetiştirme davranışları ve çocukların mizaçları ile boylamsal ilişkileri
Externalizing and internalizing behavior problems have been regarded as crucial markers of maladjustment across childhood and adolescence (Zahn-Waxler et al., 2000). Among several etiological factors; parental child-rearing practices and child temperament have documented to have unique as well as joint contributions to both adjustment and maladjustment outcomes of young children. This study examined mediational relations of child temperament with maternal child-rearing practices and externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in a 3-wave longitudinal study. A total of 293 Turkish preschool children (Mage=49.1 months, SD=3.86, range=39-58 months) and their mothers were recruited for this study. At age 4 maternal child rearing, at age 6 child temperament, and finally at age 7 behavior problems were measured via mothers' reports. It was hypothesized that maternal practices would longitudinally predict children's temperamental approach and reactivity. We further hypothesized that child's approach and reactivity would mediate longitudinal relations between maternal practices and externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Results indicated that the direction of the longitudinal relationship between maternal child-rearing and child's temperament was from maternal warmth to child's reactivity such that higher levels of maternal warmth when children were 4 year-old predicted lower levels of children's reactivity at age 6. Moreover, maternal warmth at age 4 negatively predicted children's reactivity at age 6, which in turn predicted both externalizing and internalizing problems at age 7 positively. Accordingly, child's reactivity fully mediated the link between maternal warmth and externalizing behavior problems. This study shed light on the mechanism in which parental child rearing practices, child's temperamental characteristics and behavior problems were longitudinally related. Findings of the current study can inform prevention/intervention programs aiming at eradicating behavior problems earlier in childhood. Keywords: preschool, child rearing behavior, warmth, punishment, temperament, reactivity, approach, externalizing behavior problem, internalizing behavior problem
Ebeveyn kontrolü ve ebeveynlere yönelik prososyal davranış arasındaki ilişki
Parental psychological control including negative discipline exercises such as humiliating, coercion, love withdrawal, and emotional manipulation has been negatively related to prosocial behavior in previous studies (Clark, Dahlen, & Nicholson, 2015; Kuppens, Grietens, Onghena, & Michiens, 2009). On the other hand, the relation between parental behavioral control including supervision, monitoring, and parental knowledge regarding whereabouts and emotional needs of children and prosocial behavior seems to be mixed. That is, in some studies this relation has been positive (Hong, Hwang, Tai, & Kuo, 2016; Kerr, Beck, Downs-Shattuck, Kattar, & Uriburu, 2003) while in another study there was no relation between behavioral control and prosocial behavior et al (Yoo et al., 2013). Furthermore, empirical investigations on both parental psychological and behavioral controls and prosocial behaviors are very scarce in non-Western populations. Thus, in the present study, the relations of prosocial behavior toward mothers and fathers with perceived maternal behavioral control and maternal and paternal psychological control were examined with Turkish school aged children from Bolu, Ankara, and Istanbul (mean age = 11.8, 182 girls and 173 boys). Also, the moderator role of gender on the relation between parental control and prosocial behavior was investigated. The findings revealed that there was a positive link between perceived maternal behavioral control and prosocial behaviors toward parents (both mothers and fathers), while the negative link between perceived paternal and maternal psychological control and prosocial behaviors toward mothers and fathers. Additionally, girls reported more maternal behavioral control and prosocial behavior toward mothers and fathers than boys while boys reported more maternal and paternal psychological control. Moreover, the results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that gender had no moderator role on the relations of prosocial behavior with parental behavioral control and psychological control.
Çocuk, anne ve çevresel faktörlerin erken çocukluk döneminde problem davranışlara etkisi
The main aim of the present thesis study was to compare the mothers and children from low- and high-socioeconomic status (SES) in terms of the mothers' social support, stress, perception of the child intentionality, and the children's behavioral problems. In addition, the current study aimed to examine whether there is a differentce in the relationship between perceived social support, maternal stress, mother's perception of child's intentionality and child internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems between mothers and children from different SES groups. The second aim was to examine whether the mothers' social support, stress, perception of the child intentionality and children's internalizing and externalizing problems showed a change or remained stable within 1 year, and to explore the influence of mothers' developmental expectations and child temperament on child behavioral problems in addition to perceived social support, maternal stress, mothers' perception of child's intentionality. The main study recruited 463 mothers with children aged 12-46 months and the follow-up study had 67 mothers with children aged 19-51 months. A series of structural equation models (SEM) were run in order to show the associations in total sample and in different SES groups (Low-SES vs. High-SES). For the follow-up, the Paired T-tests and a series of hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to see the differences in variables from first and second time points, and to examine how perceived social support, maternal stress, mother's perception of child's intentionality, in addition to influence of child temperament and mothers' developmental expectations predict internalizing and externalizing problems. In the main study, the maternal stress positively predicted both internalizing and externalizing problems, whereas the social support negatively predicted only internalizing problems. The negative intentionality was both the predictor and the mediator for internalizing problems for the total sample. The maternal stress was found to predict internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems negatively and the negative intentionality predicted the internalizing problems and mediated the relationship between maternal stress and internalizing problems in the low-SES group. In the high-SES sample, maternal stress positively predicted internalizing and externalizing problems, and social support negatively predicted both internalizing and externalizing problems. In the follow-up, the emotionality and the maternal stress positively predicted internalizing problems, whereas the emotionality, activity, and maternal stress positively predicted externalizing problems. Moreover, maternal stress partially mediated the relationship between emotionality and internalizing problems, and fully mediated the relationship between emotionality and externalizing problems. The results indicated that mother's stress, social support, their attributions and expectations about their child's behaviors and state as well as child temperament can contribute to problem behaviors. However, these effects may vary in different SES groups in Turkey. The future studies and interventions should focus on underpinnings of maternal stress while addressing protective factors for different SES groups in order to prevent behavioral problems during early childhood.
Genç yetişkinlerin anlatısal kimlikleri ile olumlu gelişimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
The present study aims to examine the links between the components of narrative identity, positive development indices, cultural self-construals and motivation activation among Turkish emerging adults. Emerging adults' turning-point life stories that include parental interactions were assessed for causal coherence (or developmental consequentiality) and thematic coherence to examine their connections with positive youth development indices (caring, character, confidence, competence, and connection; 5Cs). The study also examined whether cultural self-construals (autonomous and relational self-construals) and motivational dispositions (appetitive or aversive orientations) were linked with narrative identity and positive development indices. In the study, a total of 91 participants (48 females, 42 males, 1 other) aged between 18 and 29 (Mage = 23.01, SD= .52) partook in a face to face life story interview. Before the interview, participants completed a computer-assisted questionnaire which assessed positive development indices, self-construals, and motivational activation systems. Results showed no significant difference in the causal coherence across event narrative contexts (mother, father, and neutral). On the other hand, thematic coherence was lower in father-related event narratives as compared to neutral contexts. Results of path analysis revealed that higher levels of causal coherence in narratives were associated with low levels of caring, competence, confidence, and connection. Also, higher levels of thematic coherence were linked to higher levels of competence, confidence, and connection. Furthermore, to investigate whether cultural-self clusters differ from each other across 5Cs and narrative indices and if motivational disposition clusters differ from each other across 5Cs and narrative indices, we conducted cluster analysis. The analyses resulted in three meaningfully separate cultural-self clusters (Highly related-lower autonomous group, Highly autonomous-lower relatedness group, and Autonomy-relatedness group) and motivational disposition clusters (Extroverted, Introverted and Amotivated). The Highly related-lower autonomy group scored higher in character than the Autonomy-relatedness group. The Highly related-lower autonomy group scored higher in caring than both the Autonomy-relatedness group and the Highly autonomous-lower relatedness group. The Highly related-lower autonomy group scored higher in connection than both the Autonomy-relatedness group and the Highly autonomous-lower relatedness group. Other comparisons did not yield statistically significant results.
Benliğin ayrımlaşması ve bağlanma kaygısının kök aile fonksiyonelliği ve çift ilişki kalitesi arasındaki ilişkideki rolü
The aim of this study is to investigate the association between family of origin (FOO) functioning and couple relationship quality based on the concepts of Bowen's family systems theory. The indirect effects of differentiation of self and attachment anxiety on this link were examined. In order to do so, one hundred seventy-three individuals (100 females and 73 males, ages 22-52) who were married for a minimum of 6 months to maximum of 15 years were recruited for the study. Participants completed the demographic form, Family of Origin Scale, Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised, Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the anxiety subscale of Experiences in Close Relationships Scale. Indirect effects were assessed via bootstrapping sampling method in order to test the underlying mechanisms for the link between FOO functioning and couple relationship quality. Results provided considerable support for the relationships among the study variables and hypotheses. FOO functioning was found to be positively associated with couple relationship quality and differentiation of self, and negatively with attachment anxiety. In addition, couple relationship quality was positively associated with differentiation of self and negatively with attachment anxiety. Differentiation of self and attachment anxiety were found to have significant indirect effects on the link between FOO functioning and couple relationship quality. The findings are discussed in line with relevant literature as well as implications for clinical practices and future research.
Sosyal destek, benliğin ayrımlaşması ve kontrol odağının kaygı üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılması
This quantitative cross-sectional study was designed to examine the effects of social support, locus of control and differentiation of self on anxiety. Using the Bowen's Family Systems Theory, we aimed at examining the same relationship with a systemic lens. The data was collected both online and via pen-and-paper style. Four hundred and forty five students, from various universities in Istanbul, participated in this study. Eligibility criteria included being in the age range of 18 to 25 years old, and being able to speak and understand Turkish. The data was collected from 445 university students. Most of the participants were females (n=327, 73.5%), from middle SES level (n=219, 49.2%), 4th grade students (n=172, 38.7%) and they reported having no anxiety related psychological problems (n=405, 91%). The participation was mainly online via Qualtrics link (n=278, 62.5%). A set of questionnaire included demographic form, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Differentiation of Self Inventory (DoSI), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Rotter's Locus of Control Scale (RLCS). Hierarchical linear regression was conducted in IBM SPSS Statistics 21. As a result, differentiation of self was found to be associated with trait anxiety after accounting for social support and locus of control variables. That is, as the level of differentiation of self increased, the level of trait anxiety decreased. This result was in line with the previous literature findings. However, social support and external locus of control were found to be associated with state anxiety. Therefore, this study has not only filled the gap in the literature with Turkish population, but also has emphasized the importance of differentiation of self. More longitudinal studies with a systemic perspective should be need in future research. In fact, we would be able to understand the complex nature of anxiety as practitioners who work in the field and be able to develop systemic interventions that benefit people living with anxiety.
Online başlayan ilişkilerin yüz yüze başlayan ilişkilerle romantik inançlar, bağlılık, ilişki sürdürme ve ilişki memnuniyeti açısından karşılaştırılması
Recently, there is an increase in online dating engagement and individuals' opinions are evolving as online dating is a good way to initiate a romantic relationship (Pew Research Center, 2016). Further, a research study proposed that marriages that started online have a higher relationship satisfaction rather than marriages that started in face-to-face interaction (Cacioppo, Cacioppo, Gonzaga, Ogburn& Vanderweele, 2013). Nevertheless, more studies are needed to compare these relationships. Therefore, current study is aimed to investigate how online vs. offline dating differs in terms of romantic beliefs, commitment, relationship maintenance behaviors and relationship satisfaction. Besides relationship experiences, the current study also aims to investigate how possible perception-changing experiences such as exposure to online dating does make a difference or not. Therefore, the current study investigates how romantic beliefs, commitment, relationship maintenance and relationship satisfaction differ among groups of participants who have experienced online dating before and participants who have not experienced online dating before. The sample is composed of 546 participants (362 females, 183 males and 1 other) between the ages of 18 and 30 (M= 24.16, SD = 3.5). 276 participants assessed their relationships as relationships started offline (face-to-face and contexts) and 270 participants assessed their relationships as relationships started online (both via online dating apps and social media sites). An independent samples t-test was conducted in order to see the group differences between offline and online dating experiences. Results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences across groups of offline vs. online daters in terms of romantic beliefs, commitment, relationship maintenance behaviors and relationship satisfaction. On the other hand, there was a significant group difference between participants who have experienced online dating before and who have not experienced before. In addition to this, regression analyses were conducted in order to determine unique contributions of romantic beliefs and commitment to relationship satisfaction. It was found that romantic beliefs, commitment and relationship satisfaction was significant predictors of relationship satisfaction. Further, mediation analyses were done in order to see how relationship maintenance behaviors mediate the relationship between romantic beliefs, commitment and relationship satisfaction among both groups. Results yield that relationship maintenance behaviors mediated the association between romantic beliefs and relationship satisfaction both in online and offline relationships. In addition to this, relationship maintenance behaviors mediated the association between commitment and relationship satisfaction in both groups of online and offline relationships. A discussion was provided to understand these results referring to the literature. Also, a discussion was provided based on Turkey's context. Keywords: Online dating, social media, commitment, romantic beliefs, relationship maintenance, relationship satisfaction
Ortak değişim mekanizmalarının çift ve aile terapisi seanslarında deneyimlenen önemli anlardaki rolü
The aim of the current study is to investigate the role of common factors specific to CFT in the pivotal moments of CFT sessions. With this aim, following four research questions are posed in the current study: 1) What moments do CFT clients and couple and family therapists view as pivotal (significant, different, helpful, meaningful) in individual, couple and family therapy sessions? 2) What makes these moments pivotal for each and what do they attribute its importance to? 3) Do clients' and therapists' views match? If so which ones do? If not, which ones do not? 4) Are these pivotal moments related to the CFT common factors or not?
Sosyo-ekonomik risk grubu annelerinin ruh sağlığı, duyarlılığı ve 1-3 yaş arası çocuklarda gözlemlenen bağlanma güvenliğinin ilişkisi
A secure relationship between a caregiver and a child is one of the important predictors of positive developmental outcomes in childhood. Previous studies demonstrated that low socio-economic level, maternal mental health symptoms, and maternal insensitivity were associated with the formation of insecure relationship (Teti, Gelfand, Messinger, & Isabella, 1995; Radke-Yarrow, 1991; Lyons-Ruth, Connell, Grunebaum, & Botein, 1990). Further, these studies depicted that poor maternal mental health when combined with low SES (Casady, Diener, Isabella, & Wright, 2001) can hinder maternal sensitivity and child's secure attachment (Campell et al., 2004; Gedaly & Leerkes, 2016). However, so far, the relationship between maternal mental health, and maternal sensitivity and attachment security in early childhood has not be shown in a high-risk group such as low-SES. Therefore, this study aims to investigate maternal mental health symptomatology and sensitivity association with toddlers' attachment security in a low-SES Turkish sample and whether the relationship between maternal mental health symptomatology and attachment security of toddlers mediated by the maternal sensitivity. The one-hundred and forty-eight mothers (Mage=30.44 years, SD=4.7) and their toddlers between the age of 12 to 38 months old (Mage=23.18 months, SD=6.7) recruited for the study. In 2 to 3-hours home-visits, mothers' relationships with their toddlers were video-recorded and then they filled out a pack of questionnaires including a demographic form, Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). The mother-child dyads were coded independently by trained coders for Maternal Behavior Q-Sort (MBQS) and toddlers' attachment security coded with Attachment Q-Sort (AQS). The correlation analysis showed that maternal mental health negatively, while maternal sensitivity was positively associated with toddlers' attachment security and this relationship is remained significant in hierarchical regression analysis even after controlling for socioeconomic status. The results showed that maternal sensitivity did not significantly mediate the link between maternal mental health symptomatology and toddlers' attachment security. The present study showed the impact of socioeconomic and maternal factors on toddlers' attachment security in a disadvantaged group, which would facilitate for developing preventive interventions that specifically address maternal mental health directly for such high-risk groups.
Orta çocukluk döneminde zihinsel durum fiillerinin kullanımı, zihin kuramı ve sosyal beceriler arasındaki ilişkiler
Understanding mental states and using terms to express this understanding are considered to be important for social interaction. However, only a few studies examined mental state language, ToM and social skills together. The present study aimed to assess the nature of the association between mental state language and ToM and whether it extends to social skills in terms of two dimensions which were social competence and antisocial behaviors in school-age children. Participants were 80 Turkish elementary school children between the ages of 6 to 10 (Mage = 8.48, SD = 1.00, 43 girls). Mental state language, ToM, linguistic competence and general cognitive ability were assessed through behavioral tasks, and social skills were measured through teachers' reports. A hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that even though mental state language continued to be associated with ToM in elementary school, there were also other cognitive abilities such as linguistic complexity and general cognitive ability that accounted for the association between mental state language and ToM. In addition, ToM mediated the association between mental state language and social competence. Antisocial behaviors, on the other hand, were negatively correlated with mental state language but not with ToM. These results provided important contributions to understand the nature of the link between mental state language and ToM and its extent to social skills. Keywords: Mental state language, theory of mind, social skills, school-age children
Düzenli bilinçli farkındalık meditasyonu uygulayıcılarının duygu regülasyonu stratejileri ve romantik ilişki deneyimleri: Nitel bir çalışma
Using attachment theory as the framework, this qualitative study focused on the experiences of the emotion regulation strategies and romantic relationships of regular mindfulness meditators with at least two years of practice and their meditation-naïve or non-regularly meditating partners. The Turkish mother-tongue sample consisted of 8 heterosexual and 2 same-sex couples. Semi-structured interviews were held separately with each partner. Thematic analysis yielded 7 themes and 13 subthemes on three levels: intrapersonal, relationship, and the perspective of the non-regularly meditating partners. Three intrapersonal themes (numbers) and four related subthemes (letters) were revealed: 1) meta-awareness; 1a) impermanence of emotions; 2) shift in emotion regulation capacities; 2a) decreased intensity of emotions; 2b) staying with negative emotions; 3) shift in the relationship with oneself; 3a) self-compassion. Three relationship themes and seven subthemes emerged: 4) experiential shift in stressful situations; 4a) less negative reactivity; 4b) fewer conflicts; 5) transformation of the emotional bond; 5a) self-disclosure of emotions; 5b) decreased anxiety about the relationship; 6) transformation of the romantic relationship; 6a) being present during sex; 6b) compassion and acceptance for the partner; 6c) re-defining of boundaries. One theme and two subthemes emerged from the non-regularly meditating partner's data: 7) general positive effects of regular practice; 7a) observing the peaceful mood of the partner; 7b) observing less negative reactivity of the partner. These intrapersonal themes indicated the importance for the regularly meditating partner of meta-awareness and enhanced emotion regulation and self-compassion. These were reflected in the romantic relationship as less reactivity, less anxiety, more self-disclosure, and enhanced compassion and acceptance for the partner, which attachment theory would associate with a more secure relationship. The partners of the regular meditators confirmed the relational and individual shifts due to their partner's regular mindfulness practice. Integrating attachment theory with regular mindfulness practice can thus be a valuable approach for couple and family therapy. Regular mindfulness practice, even for one partner, may also be beneficial during couple therapy. Future research can focus on the effects of mindfulness practice on specific periods or situations in romantic relationships. It can also investigate the relationship between the unique emotion regulation strategies promoted by regular mindfulness meditation and potential shifts in the attachment styles of both partners.
Annenin partneriyle olan bağlanma boyutunun, ebeveynlik stresinin ve duygusal ulaşılabilirliğinin çocuğun bağlanma güvenliği üzerindeki rolünün incelenmesi
The present study aims to investigate the associations between the mother's attachment with partner, parenting stress, parenting behaviours on the emotional availability, and the toddler's attachment security in low SES in Turkish sample. This study also examines the mediator role of mother's parenting stress in the relationship between the mother's attachment with partner and toddler's attachment security. Sixty-three mothers and their children between the ages of 12 to 35 months participated from the underdeveloped regions of İstanbul, representing a low SES group. The participants were visited at their home and the 2-hour mother-child dyads were video-recorded. In the last hour of the home visit, mothers filled a pack of questionnaires including a demographic form, Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) and Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R). The toddler's attachment security in 2-hour video-recorded home visit was coded by two independent trained coders using Attachment Q-Sort (AQS), and mother's parenting behaviours in 10-min free play sessions were coded using Emotional Availability Scales (EAS). The results demonstrated that the mother's attachment avoidance with a partner and parenting stress were negatively associated to the toddler's attachment security, while the mother's sensitive and structuring behaviours were positively related to the toddler's attachment security. However, the mother's attachment anxiety with partner, mother's non-intrusiveness and non-hostility behaviours did not significantly associate with the toddler's attachment security. Contrary to my expectations, the mother's parenting stress did not significantly mediate the association between mother's attachment avoidance and toddler's attachment security. The current study expanded existing literature on low SES mothers of toddlers by showing the important role parenting stress in comparison to mothers' partner attachment. Furthermore, to my knowledge, this is the first study focusing on EAS in Turkish culture and in a disadvantaged sample. Based on findings of the present study, person tailored early interventions could be developed in regard to relevant maternal factors for toddler's attachment security. Keywords: Low SES, mother's attachment with partner, parenting stress, emotional availability, attachment security, toddlerhood
Türkiye'deki ailelerde evlilik memnuniyetinin ortak ebeveynlik ilişkisine etkisi: Çift perspektifi
Coparenting is an executive relationship in a family and refers to how parents interact with each other regarding child-rearing issues. Coparenting relationship is associated with many factors in family system including child and parent characteristics; parent and child adjustment; and relationships such as marital relationship. Dyadic-level overall interparental relationship is one of the most important factors in terms of quality of coparenting relationship (Kitzmann, 2000). Therefore, it is important to examine the association between marital and coparenting relationship. Although there are many studies that shows the association between marital and coparenting relationship, these are different concepts. According to family systems theory (Minuchin, 1985; Minuchin, 1974), it can be concluded that coparenting is an executive subsystem and interconnected with marital subsystem. However, less is known about the association between marital and coparenting relationship in Turkish families. Therefore, current study aimed to investigate the effects of marital satisfaction on coparenting relationship from a dyadic perspective in Turkish families with preschool age children. The participants comprised 249 married co-parent dyads (249 mothers and 249 fathers) having a child between the ages of 3 and 7 (M =56.96, SD =15.16). Both parents reported their marital satisfaction on Couples Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) and coparenting relationship as three dimensions (cooperation, conflict and triangulation) on Coparenting Inventory for Parents with Preschoolers (CI-PA) (Pinquart & Teubert, 2015). Three different the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) including marital satisfaction and coparenting cooperation; marital satisfaction and coparenting conflict; and marital satisfaction and coparenting triangulation were conducted to clarify the interdependence between partners and to test for possible actor and partner effects (Cook & Kenny, 2005). Results from actor partner interdependence models revealed that (1) marital satisfaction influenced coparenting cooperation positively for both parents (actor effect). Also, father's marital satisfaction had a positive effect on mother's coparenting cooperation (partner effect from father to mother). (2) marital satisfaction influenced coparenting conflict negatively for both parents (actor effect). (3) marital satisfaction influenced coparenting triangulation negatively for both parents (actor effect). Also, father's marital satisfaction had a negative effect on mother's coparenting triangulation (partner effect from father to mother). Finding actor and partner effect on these associations was consistent with both Family System Theory (Minuchin, 1988) and previous works. Clinical implications were discussed. Keywords: Actor-partner interdependence model; Coparenting; Dyadic; Marital satisfaction, preschool children
Yetişkin-çocuk ilişkileri bağlamında okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların sosyal becerileri
Children's relationship with adults (e.g., teachers and parents) and within-family relationships (e.g., Parent-Parent) are important drivers for development of children's social competence (Acar et al., 2018; Diener & Kim, 2004). The aim of the current study was to investigate the contributions of adult-child relationships (parent-child and teacher-child) and parent-parent relationships to children's social competence in early childhood. The current study also investigated the moderating roles of teacher-child relationship on the association between parent-child relationships and children's social competence and parent-parent relationships and children's social competence. Participants were parents and teachers of 127 Turkish children (M: 54.65, SD: 9.22 months). Parents reported on parent-child (closeness and conflict) and parent-parent relationships (cooperation, conflict, and triangulation) and teachers reported on their relationships (closeness and conflict) with children and social competence of children. Hierarchical regression models accounting for nesting structure of the data were run to test the hypotheses. Results showed that there were no associations between parent-child relationship and children's social competence. In addition, it was found that there was no association between parent-parent relationship and children's social competence. However, there was a significant association between teacher-child relationship and children's social competence. Teacher-child closeness was positively and teacher-child conflict was negatively associated with children's social competence. Results also showed that teacher-child closeness moderated the association between parent-parent conflict and children's social competence. Simple slopes analyses showed that combinations of high levels of parent-conflict and low levels of teacher-child closeness undermined the children's social competence. The findings highlight the importance of both parent-parent and teacher-child relationships for children's social competence. In the light of the findings, it was discussed through previous studies, considering the limitation, future directions, and implications. Keywords: social competence, parent-child relationship, parent-parent relationship, teacher-child relationship, preschool children
Otizm spektrum bozukluğunda çocuk yetiştiren babaların tecrübeleri: Nitel araştırma
The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of fathers who have an only-child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) using Ambiguous Loss framework. Sample was consisted of 10 fathers, one father being the pilot of the study. Main foci of the research were whether ambiguous loss is a contributing factor in relation with stress levels of fathers raising a child with ASD. Moreover, whether their personal experiences of ambiguous loss impacted family systems through boundary ambiguity was also explored. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each father. The qualitative method of thematic analysis gave rise to 2 super-ordinate themes, 9 themes and 10 subthemes. First super-ordinate theme "Process of Acceptance" included 5 themes and 8 sub-themes: 1) "konduramama": straining self to accept ASD; 2) incomprehensibility of ASD; 3) emotional processes, 3a) feelings of guilt, 3b) pendulum of hope, 3c) concern for future; 4) receiving proper education, 5) making peace with ASD, 5a) increasing knowledge of disorder, 5b) reframing the situation, 5c) solution-orientedness, 5d) maintaining stability, 5e) attributions to something greater. This theme explained the stress increasing factors that fed fathers' inner conflict regarding the acceptance or rejection of the ASD and the ambiguity it brings. Moreover, those factors helping fathers to deal with the stress was explained. It is seen that most fathers were resilient enough to learn to live with the stress that their ambiguous loss brought. The second super-ordinate theme was "Impact on Family Life" and it included 5 themes and 2 sub-themes as follow: 6) shaping the world around ASD; 7) impact on couple relationship, 7a) emotional turmoil, 7b) positive emotional shift; 8) father as an outside support system; 9) estrangement of relationships. The fathers' experiences confirmed that ambiguous loss has increased their stress on their acceptance process of the disorder as well as on their family lives. Moreover, the boundary ambiguity was seen to be the main stressor on the impact on family life. It created an ambiguity on the roles and identities of the family member by changing the structure of the family in various ways. Ambiguous loss provides a unique understanding to the losses that are hard to capture. The results can inform interventions in couple and family therapies such as normalizing and externalization of the stressful father and families' experiences. Future studies can focus more on social relationship component of ASD from a paternal and familial context. Limitations and further information is discussed. Keywords: ambiguous loss, Autism Spectrum Disorder, father, family, systems theory, relationships
Kültürün, ebeveyne ve akrana bağlanmanın ve ebeveyn akran yönetimi uygulamalarının Türk üniversite öğrencilerinin arkadaşlık niteliğindeki rolünün incelenmesi
High quality friendships have been associated with psychosocial well-being of adolescents; therefore, it is important to find the potential contributing factors in the process of becoming mentally healthy individuals. There is an increasing number of studies examining the amount of time and activities shared among peers through early and middle adolescence. However, there are limited numbers of studies focusing on friendship quality in late adolescence. The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of culture, attachment to parents and peers, and parental peer management practices on the positive and negative friendship quality. Also, age, sex, and family SES in friendship qualities were added as control variables in this study. Positive friendship quality involved companionship, security, help, and closeness shared in dyadic interactions. Negative friendship quality included the amounts of conflicts experienced in mutual associations. The total of 719 university students (402 females, 317 males) with the mean age of 19.71 (SD = 1.23) ranging from 16.97 to 22.90 years from Bolu and Ankara participated in the present study. The data collection tools were as follows: Friendship Qualities Scale (Bukowski, Hoza, & Boivin, 1994), Individualistic-Collectivistic Views of Family Scale (Hui, 1988), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), and Parental Management of Peers Inventory (Mounts, 2002). Two separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for positive and negative friendship quality. Results showed that there was a sex difference in terms of positive and negative friendship quality. Accordingly, female students scored higher in the positive friendship quality while male scored higher in negative friendship quality. Parental support for peer relations, attachment to peers, and collectivistic values were positive predictors of positive friendship quality. Prohibiting from parents positively and peer attachment negatively predicted negative friendship quality. In addition to these findings, regression analysis demonstrated the mediator role of peer attachment on the association between parent attachment and friendship qualities. We conducted a mediation analysis by controlling for age, sex, and family SES, even though it was not our research question. Results supported the mediator role of peer attachment on the relationship between parent attachment and positive and negative friendship quality. Our findings suggested the significant role of culture, parents, and peers on the socialization process of adolescents. Therefore, future studies examining friendship qualities should focus on how to foster positive parent and peer associations considering the importance of culture. Key Words: positive friendship quality, negative friendship quality, individualistic values, collectivistic values, peer management, parent, and peer attachment
Ergenin anne, baba ve yakın arkadaşı ile çatışma çözme davranışının ve psikolojik esenlik halinin birey odaklı yaklaşım ile incelenmesi
The current study aimed to examine adolescents' conflict resolution patterns in their relationships with their mother, father, and best-friend and to investigate how these patterns differ in adolescents' well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, problem solving confidence, trait-anxiety). Participants were 1033 Turkish adolescents between the ages of 11 to 19. Adolescents' conflict resolution behaviors were examined with a person-centered approach through cluster analysis which revealed four groups of adolescents who differ in their conflict resolution patterns. The first cluster which labeled as "Confrontational and Withdrawing" was characterized by low levels of problem-solving and high levels of conflict engagement, withdrawal and compliance. The second cluster which labeled as "Problem Solver" was characterized by high levels of problem solving and low levels of conflict engagement, withdrawal, compliance. The third cluster "Confrontational but not Withdrawing" was characterized by high levels of conflict engagement and low levels of withdrawal, problem solving, compliance. The fourth cluster "Problem Solver but Withdrawing" was characterized by low levels of conflict engagement and high levels of withdrawal, problem solving, compliance. Univariate ANCOVAs, conducted to examine how these clusters differ in psychological well-being revealed that "Problem Solver" had the highest scores in well-being indicators while "Confrontational and Withdrawing" had the lowest scores. Overall, findings revealed how combinations of different resolution styles differ in well-being and highlighted the importance of developing constructive resolution behaviors in adolescence. Keywords: adolescent psychological well-being, conflict resolution styles, parent-adolescent relationship, friendship in adolescence, person-centered approach
Gençlerde başa çıkma yolları: Pozitif gelişim göstergelerinin ve temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların giderilmesinin rolü
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between coping resources that emerging adults have and their coping strategies as mediated by their stress appraisals. A path model was tested which links emerging adults' perception of both basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration (autonomy, relatedness, competence), from their characteristics of positive youth development (confidence, competence, character, connection, care) to coping strategies (fatalistic, optimistic, problem-solving, helplessness) as through stress appraisals (threat, challenge, uncontrollability, control-by-self, control-by-other). A total of 466 emerging adults (359 females, 105 males, 2 other) aged between 18 and 30 (Mage = 22.7, SD= 2.89) completed a computer-assisted questionnaire. The path analysis indicated that emerging adults' control-by-self appraisal mediated the relationship between need satisfaction and three of the four coping strategies (i.e., optimistic, problem-solving and helplessness). Control-by-self appraisal mediated the relationship between need frustration and problem solving strategy, and the relationship between positive development and optimistic and problem-solving coping strategies. While uncontrollability appraisal mediated the link between need frustration and optimistic and problem-solving coping strategies, threat appraisal mediated the relationship between need frustration and helplessness coping strategy. The findings of this study identified important facilitators and frustrators of emerging adults' coping strategies. Keywords: Emerging adulthood, need satisfaction, need frustration, positive youth development, stress appraisal, coping strategies
COVID-19 karantina sürecinde çocukların duygusal durumları: Ebeveynlik stresi ve çocuğun mizacının katkısı
Children's emotional regulation and dysregulation emerge through the interaction between the child's individual (temperament) and the environmental (e.g., parenting stress) characteristics. The aim of the current study was to investigate the contributions of child temperament and parenting stress to children's emotional states during the COVID-19 outbreak. This study also examined the moderating role of parenting stress on the association between child temperament and children's emotional states. Participants were mothers of 219 (110 girls) Turkish preschool children whose ages ranged from 36 months to 76 months (M = 56.95 months, SD = 11.736 months). Mothers reported on children's emotional states (emotion regulation, emotion dysregulation, child aggression, and child anxiety), child temperament (persistence and reactivity), and parenting stress. Bivariate correlations and hierarchical regression models were run to test the hypotheses. Results indicated that persistence was negatively associated with emotion dysregulation and child aggression, whereas reactivity was negatively associated with emotion regulation and positively associated with emotion dysregulation, aggression, and anxiety. Besides, parenting stress was negatively associated with emotion regulation and positively associated with emotion dysregulation, aggression, and anxiety. Results from the hierarchical regression analyses revealed that parenting stress moderated the association between persistence, and emotion regulation, and child aggression. Simple slopes analyses showed that combinations of high persistence and low parenting stress increased emotion regulation, while combinations of low persistence and high parenting stress increased child aggression. The findings underline the significance of both child temperament and parenting stress for children's emotional states. In the light of previous studies, findings were discussed in the current study, considering limitations, future directions, and implications. Keywords: Temperament, Parenting Stress, Emotion Regulation, Emotion Dysregulation, COVID-19
Ortak ebeveynlik ve çocuk rutinlerinin çocukların sosyal-duygusal yeterliliğindeki rolleri
The current study's main purpose was to examine the contributions of coparenting quality and child routines to children's social-emotional competence during the COVID-19. The current study also aimed to investigate the indirect effects of coparenting quality to children's social-emotional competence via child routines. The participants comprised 403 mothers of children between 23 and 102 months old (M = 59.23, SD = 10.92). Mothers reported their children's social-emotional competence, coparenting quality, and children's routines along with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results showed that coparental cooperation was positively, coparental conflict and triangulation were negatively associated with children's social-emotional competence. In addition, it was found that there was a positive association between child routines and children's social-emotional competence. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test direct and indirect effects. The results showed that there was an indirect effect of coparenting on children's social-emotional competence through child routines. Overall, children with parents who showed higher coparenting quality tended to have children with more consistent routines and, in turn, more consistent child routines predicted higher levels of social-emotional competence. These findings suggest that coparenting and child routines may play a crucial role in the social-emotional competence of children. Findings are discussed considering their functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Limitations of the current study and future directions are also discussed.
Çiftlerin mükemmeliyetçilikleri ve bağlanma davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin çift perspektifinden analizi
Recently, perfectionism has been a more important construct due to its links with adverse individual as well as relational outcomes. In this regard, perfectionism's association with people's actions, particularly with the attachment behaviors predicting secure feelings in a romantic relationship, was focused on in this work. Further, attributions were considered as an essential factor in the way how people behave in their relationships. Following the relation between perfectionism and the way people interpret events, attributions were examined as a mediator in the link between perfectionism and attachment behaviors. Consecutively, the present work aimed exploring the direct actor and partner effects between perfectionism and attachment behaviors, as well as, indirect effects between perfectionism and attachment behaviors through attributions with a sample of heterosexual married couples in Turkey. Particularly, 91 heterosexual couples (91 women and 91 men) who were married for at least 2 years (M = 164.9, SD = 135.5 in months) participated in the study. Thanks to snowball sampling, individuals from various geographical, educational, and economic background were reached. As for online data collection process, the couples filled out Demographic Information Form, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Hewitt & Flett, 1991), Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness, and Engagement Scale (Sandberg, Busby, Johnson, & Yoshida, 2012), and Relationship Attribution Measure (Fincham & Bradbury, 1992) via Qualtrics. To test hypotheses, Actor Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) and Actor Partner Interdependence Model of Mediation (APIMeM) analyses were carried on. Results demonstrated that men's own perfectionism and their wives' attachment behaviors were negatively related (direct partner effect, men to women). Moreover, the adverse association between men's perfectionism and women's attachment behaviors through men's attributions was appeared to be significant (indirect men to women actor-partner effect). These findings were interpreted in terms of their implications on the basis of the existing literature and the relative theoretical framework. Lastly, the present work's contributions to the field were argued, together with limitations and future research recommendations. Keywords: perfectionism, attributions, attachment behaviors, married couples, actorpartner interdependence model, actor-partner interdependence model of mediation
Türk yeni evli çiftlerde ebeveyn kabul-reddi, evlilik doyumu ve reddedilme duyarlılığı arasındaki ilişki: Çift analizi
This research examined the dyadic relationships between remembered parental acceptance- rejection and marital satisfaction of Turkish and Turkish Cypriot newlyweds with the mediating mechanism of rejection sensitivity. The study's sample consisted of 111 heterosexual spouses (111 wives and 111 husbands; age range from 21 to 53 years) who have been married for at most 5 years. Both wives and husbands completed all questionnaires: Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire Short Form (both the mother and the father form; Rohner, 2005), Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Berenson et al., 2009) Satisfaction Level Sub-scale of Investment Model Scale (Rusbult et al., 1998) and demographic information form. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) and APIM Mediation Model (APIMeM) analyses were conducted. Results indicated statistically significant relationship between husbands' maternal acceptance and their own marital satisfaction (direct actor effect, husbands) and between husbands' maternal acceptance and their wives' marital satisfaction (direct partner effect, husbands to wives). Wives' maternal acceptance as well as paternal acceptance had positive indirect effects on wives' marital satisfaction through wives' rejection sensitivity (indirect actor effects, wives). Similarly, husbands' maternal and paternal acceptance had positive indirect effects on husbands' marital satisfaction through husbands' rejection sensitivity (indirect actor effects, husbands). The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to previous literature and Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory (Rohner, 1986), Family System Theory (Bowen, 1978) and Rejection Sensitivity Model (Downey & Feldman, 1996). Clinical implications of these dyadic findings are discussed.
Aile bağlamında ergenlik dönemi temel kişisel ihtiyaçların karşılanması ile çatışma çözme stilleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
In light of the self-determination theory (SDT) the aim of the present study was to test a mediational model in which the associations between the gratification of basic psychological needs (GBPN; autonomy, relatedness, and competence) in relationship with one's mother and father and adolescents' conflict resolution styles (positive problem solving, conflict engagement, withdrawal, and compliance) through disclosure to and secrecy from parents are examined. A cross-sectional data was derived from adolescents (N= 1605; 59,3% girls and 40,4% boys; M=15.03, SD= 1.50; range = 11 - 19 years). They were Turkish adolescents from nine different public schools in different districts of İstanbul, Turkey. Direct and indirect links between the perceived gratification of basic psychological needs and conflict resolution styles were examined using a path analysis with a bootstrapping approach (with 2500 bootstrapped samples), and significant associations were reported. In general, results indicated that as GBPN in relationship with each parent increases, adolescents tend to share more information about their personal life, feelings, and thoughts with their parents, to hide less information from them, and they tend to utilize more positive conflict resolution strategies (e.g., positive problem solving) when managing conflict with parents. Keywords: Adolescence, adolescent-parent relationship, gratification of basic psychological needs, disclosure, secrecy, conflict resolution styles
Lezbiyen ve gey bireylerin ve ebeveynlerinin açılma sürecindeki deneyimleri: Türkiye'de kalitatif bir çalışma
This study is aimed to explore deeply the experiences of lesbian and gay youth in coming out process. Ten families from Turkey who participated included mothers and lesbian/gay youth ranging in ages of 21 to 33. In participants of youth, three of them define themselves as lesbian, and rest defines as gay. Thematic analysis using Family Systems Theory as a base is used to analyse 20 interviews. Seven themes (numbers) and 13 subthemes (letters) have emerged from thematic analysis of coming out experiences of gay youth and parents as following: 1) youth's acceptance of self as a process, 1a) experiencing confusion and isolation in coming out to oneself, 1b) motivation to come out: the burden of being closeted, 2) suspicion prior to coming out, 2a) youth suspicion of family's suspicion, 2b) suspicion of parents, 3) youth's worries about the anticipated negative reactions, 3a) using the opportunity of the context to come out, 4) family adjustment 4a) initial reactions, 4b) acceptance as a process, 5) positive effects of coming out, 5a) youth feeling free to be themselves after relieving the burden of being closeted, 5b) better relationships in family after coming out, 6) social & cultural effects, 6a) social cultural effects being a hump for both parents and youth, 6b) lack of reliable sources and being uninformed as barriers, 6c) social support easing the process for both youth and parents, 7) coming out being a difficult process, 7a) continuing negative effects. Further subthemes of subthemes are explained in the results section with quotes from participants. Themes and subthemes are discussed in the framework of Family Systems Theory. Themes overall highlight the characteristics of coming out as a process in the line with other studies in the field. Moreover, clinical implications of the study are discussed.
Sosyo-ekonomik risk grubu annelerinin duygusal ulaşılabilirliği, çocuğun olumsuz duygusallığı ve anne duygu sosyalleşmesi arasındaki ilişki
Parental emotion socialization is an important aspect of parent-child relationship. Child characteristics (e.g., temperamental negative emotionality), parent characteristics (e.g., general parenting practices), and socio-economic status (SES) of the family play role in parents' emotion socialization processes. In this study, I aim to examine the relationship between maternal emotion socialization, maternal emotional availability that encompasses mother's sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness, and non-hostility and child negative emotionality in a low SES group in İstanbul, Turkey. One hundred and two mothers (Mage = 30.44 years, SD = 4.7) and their 11-38 months old toddlers (Mage = 23.25 months, SD = 6.7) participated a 2-hour long home-visit. During the home observations, mothers were given toys and asked to play with their children for 10-minutes. In the final hour, they were given a questionnaire pack including Coping with Toddler's Negative Emotions Scale (CTNES; Spinrad, et al., 2004) and Emotionality Activity Sociability Temperament Survey (EAS; Buss, et. al., 1984). Video-recorded 10-minutes free-play sessions were coded for Emotional Availability Scales (EAS; Biringen, 2008) by two certificated reliable coders. The results showed that maternal non-intrusiveness was positively related to expressive encouragement reactions and non-hostility was positively correlated with emotion-focused reactions. But other dimensions of maternal emotional availability were not related to maternal emotion socialization. Also, child negative emotionality negatively predicted distress emotion socialization reactions after controlling for maternal education level. More than half of the mothers (n=60) are rated in the complicated categorical zone in EAS which carries anxious attachment style characteristics (Biringen, 2008). In the complicated zone, non-hostility was positively related to both emotion and problem focused emotion socialization reactions. Also, non-intrusiveness was positively correlated with emotion-focused reactions. These findings support that child negative emotionality may play a crucial role in the distress reactions of mothers. Also, mothers' non-intrusive and non-hostile behaviours may enable them to accept children's negative emotions more and respond accordingly. Findings of the current study are discussed, and how they can guide intervention programs are covered.
İlişki doyumunda bağlanma davranışlarının ve çatışma çözme stillerinin rolü: Uzak mesafe ve coğrafi olarak yakın romantik ilişkilerin karşılaştırılması
The present study investigated how people in long-distance relationships (LDRs) and geographically close relationships (GCRs) differ in perceiving attachment behaviors and dyadic coping skills, using conflict resolution styles during the Covid-19 pandemic, and how they are related to their relationship satisfaction. The sample comprised 201 individuals 18 to 31 years old who had been in a romantic relationship for at least 12 months. Perceived attachment behaviors were assessed via the Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness, and Engagement (BARE) Scale. In contrast, Conflict Resolution Styles Scale (CRSS) was used to determine which style they were using during conflicts. The outcome variable was relationship satisfaction, measured via the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS). Participants were asked questions about their stress level, dyadic coping skills, and negative experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic. The self-reports determined the relationship type for some analyses. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that negative and positive resolution style, dyadic coping, and perceived attachment behaviors explained significant variances in relationship satisfaction for both LDRs and GCRs. However, there was no additional variation from the relationship type over and beyond the main effects of the focal predictors. Exploratory mediation analysis revealed that dyadic coping partially mediated the relation between attachment behaviors and relationship satisfaction. The results and related discussion were provided as well as implications and future research directions. Keywords: Long-distance relationships, geographically close relationships, attachment behaviors, dyadic coping, conflict resolution styles, relationship satisfaction, comparison
Liderlik motivasyonu ve liderlikten kaçınma arasındaki ilişki: Organizasyonel kültürün moderatör etkisi
The purpose of the study is to examine whether organizational culture moderates the relationship between motivation to lead (MTL) and leadership avoidance, and to explore whether this relationship differs by gender. The participants consisted of 350 students (120 males, 230 females) from departments of Business Administration and Psychology. Participants first completed the MTL scale. Subsequently, participants were asked to read randomly assigned vignettes of feminine nurturing culture (N = 176) or masculinity contest culture (N = 174). Then, they filled out the leadership avoidance scale, considering themselves to be in a masculinity contest or a feminine nurturing culture. Bivariate correlations, hierarchical regression analyses, an independent sample t-test, and simple slope analysis were conducted to test the hypotheses. Results showed that women have higher levels of leadership avoidance compared to men, even when they have similar levels of MTL as men. Also, the results showed that masculinity contest culture had no effect on the relationship between the three types of MTL and leadership avoidance. On the other hand, the results illustrated that individuals with high noncalculative MTL had lower levels of leadership avoidance in feminine nurturing culture. Furthermore, men with high levels of noncalculative MTL exhibited lower levels of leadership avoidance in feminine nurturing culture compared to women with high levels of noncalculative MTL. The findings were discussed in light of the relevant literature together with the limitations, future directions, and implications of the current study. Keywords: Motivation to lead, leadership avoidance, masculinity contest culture, feminine nurturing culture, gender
Bir çiftin terapi sürecindeki değişim: Bir HSCED uygulaması
The study used a Hermeneutic Single Case Event Design (HSCED) to understand the process of change in couple therapy and its impact on relationship satisfaction. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative and qualitative data were collected over 19 sessions from a young couple addressing communication problems, including change interviews. In light of the rich case file, affirmative and skeptical arguments were produced as to whether the changes observed in the clients could be attributed to therapy. The results indicated that the change experienced by the couple and the increase in their satisfaction could be attributed to therapy. Both the quantitative results showed an increase in the couple's CRS score and the qualitative results supported the change interviews and the Helpful Aspects of Therapy (HAT) change. The couple emphasized that the most important factor in facilitating change was the secure relationship established by the therapist. Findings are analyzed in relation to existing literature, with consideration of their implications for both research methodology and clinical practice. The study's contributions to the field are examined, alongside an acknowledgment of its limitations. Additionally, potential avenues for future research that could build upon these findings are proposed.
COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında çocuk mizaç, ebeveynlik stresi ve uyku zamanı rutinlerinin çocukların uyku davranışları ile ilişkileri
The current study examined the direct and indirect contributions of children's temperament (reactivity, persistence, and rhythmicity), parenting stress, and bedtime routines to Turkish children's sleep behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, this study also examined the moderating role of parenting stress between children's temperament and bedtime routines. The sample was 313 mothers of children between 16 and 84 months (M = 52.42, SD= 12.36). Mothers reported their children's sleep behaviors, children's bedtime routines, parenting stress, and children's temperament. Multivariate path analyses were run to test the direct, indirect, and moderating effects. Results indicated that parenting stress was negatively related to children's sleep behaviors. Further, it was found that consistency of bedtime routine environments was positively associated with children's sleep behaviors. For the indirect associations, children's temperament (rhythmicity and reactivity) was indirectly associated with children's sleep behaviors via consistency of bedtime routines. For moderating effects, parenting stress moderated the association between persistence and consistency of bedtime routine behaviors. In detail, persistence served as a protector factor for the consistent bedtime routine behaviors in the existence of parenting stress. Findings underline the importance of child temperament, parenting stress, and bedtime routines for children's sleep behaviors. The implications of the findings are discussed in the light of previous research and the bioecological model of human development (Bronfenberenner & Morris, 2007) in considering their functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Yetişkin çocukların çocuklukta ebeveyn aldatması ile ilgili deneyimleri
This qualitative study aims to investigate children's experiences with parental infidelity in their childhood by using the interpersonal trauma perspective as a framework. The sample consisted of ten participants, 3 men, and 7 women. A semi-structured interview was held and it took approximately 60 minutes to complete. The ten participants' ages ranged from 25 to 30 years. The analysis revealed four main themes and 13 subthemes on two levels: intrapersonal and interpersonal. Three intrapersonal themes and related subthemes were identified, namely 1) growing up before their time, 1a) child as a bridge between parents 1b) emotional parentification 1c) knowledge about parental sexual experience; 2) emotional rollercoaster around parental infidelity 2a) repressed anger 2b) disgust about third-party 2c) fear of resembling parent(s) 3) coping with parental infidelity 3a) social support as a coping strategy 3b) hard to remember details of parental infidelity 3c) normalization of infidelity 3d) try to emotional cut off from offending parent and one interpersonal theme was 4) challenges in romantic relationship 4a) hardship in trusting others 4b) multigenerational transmission of infidelity 4c) selectivity in a romantic partner. These intrapersonal themes specified the individual's own process in terms of a new adult like position in the family system, emotional ambivalence around parental infidelity, and the mechanisms they used for dealing with the incidence. Additionally, the interpersonal theme indicated the romantic relationship level for adult children's experiences. The findings of this study provide valuable information for clinical practitioners who work with individuals and couples and families by using a trauma perspective. Future studies can focus more on gender-specific parental infidelity experiences. It can also be investigated by crystalizing parental relationship status after revealed infidelity.
Genç yetişkinlerin belirsizliğe karşı tahammülsüzlük, ileriye yönelik kariyer kaygısı ve sınav kaygısı arasındaki ilişki üzerinde psikolojik direnç ve başa çıkma stratejilerinin aracı rolü
The purpose of the current study was to examine the indirect effect of resilience and certain coping strategies (seeking social problem-solving solving coping, avoidance) on associations between emerging adults' intolerance of uncertainty, future career anxiety, and test anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of 481 (357 female, 121 male, and 3 non-binary) emerging adults aged between 18 and 30 (Mage = 22.03, SD= 2.62). Participants completed the study questionnaire online. The indirect effects of resilience and coping strategies on association between intolerance of uncertainty, future career anxiety, and test anxiety were tested. Findings showed that intolerance of uncertainty was positively, resilience was negatively associated with future career anxiety and test anxiety. Moreover, problem-focused coping was positively associated with future career anxiety. Additionally, results showed that intolerance of uncertainty was indirectly linked with future career anxiety and test anxiety via resilience. Also, intolerance of uncertainty was indirectly linked with future career anxiety via problem-focused coping. Findings of the current study are discussed considering limitations and future directions.
Olaylardan elde edilen çıkarımsal kanıtların dilde kodlanması: Türkçe konuşan çocuklar ve yetişkinlerden örnekler
Learning and communicating about events are fundamental aspects of an individual's life. Yet, how people learn about events often vary with some events perceived in their entirety and others are inferred based on available evidence. Here we investigate how children and adults linguistically encode the sources of their event knowledge. We focus on Turkish – a language that obligatorily encodes sources of information for past events using two evidentiality markers. Children (4- to 5-year-olds and 6- to 7-year-olds) and adults watched and described events that they directly saw or inferred based on visual cues. The indirectness of the visual evidence giving rise to an inference was also manipulated. The results revealed that participants modified the evidential marking in their descriptions depending on (a) whether they saw or inferred the event and (b) the indirectness of the visual cues giving rise to an inference. There were no differences across age groups. These findings suggest that Turkish- speaking children and adults' use of evidentiality markers in language are sensitive to the indirectness of the inferential evidence.
Öğrenme güçlüğü olan çocukların COVID-19 pandemisine dair deneyimleri
All children, particularly those with special needs, have been adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This qualitative study explored the experiences of children with learning disabilities (LD) during the COVID-19 Pandemic. A criterion sample of twenty-three children ranging in ages from 7 to 10 (M= 8.56, SD= 1.12) from Turkey was interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected data. Six themes and thirteen subthemes were generated: 1) pre-pandemic activities, 2) activities during the pandemic, 3) perceived changes, 4) educational process, 5) feelings during the pandemic, and 6) support during the pandemic. Overall, findings from the present study provided insights into the experiences of children with LD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Themes and subthemes are discussed in the framework of Ecological Systems Theory.
Konuşma ve jestlerde uzay ifadelerinin gelişimi: Sagital ve topolojik uzamsal ilişkiler örneği
Previous literature has shown that learning to communicate about space follows a lengthy timetable. However, prior work has shown that children can express some concepts, including spatial relations, in gestures prior to expressing them in speech. Do children use gestures with under-informative descriptions for spatial relations that are acquired earlier in development such as topological and viewpoint dependent sagittal spatial relations? Furthermore, within those spatial relations that are acquired earlier, are there differences in the use of under-informative speech plus gesture combinations? Finally, when speech and gesture are both considered, do developmental differences between adults and children diminish or disappear completely? The present study addresses these questions by looking at children's spatial expressions in speech only, gestures, and speech plus gesture. We contrasted descriptions of two spatial descriptions that vary in their complexity. Participants (24 children and 23 adults) were monolingual Turkish speakers who described a target picture (indicated by an arrow) to an addressee. Target pictures depicted either topological relations (in-on) or viewpoint-dependent relations in the sagittal axis (front-behind). Our results showed that children and adults produced informative spatial expressions equally frequently for topological spatial relations in their speech. However, children produced informative spatial expressions less frequently than adults for viewpoint dependent sagittal spatial relations in their speech. Children produced spatial expressions that informative when gesture were considered more for viewpoint dependent sagittal spatial relations. Children produced spatial expressions that informative when gesture were considered less for topological spatial relations because they were already informative in their speech. Lastly, children's frequency of informative spatial expressions reached the adults' level in speech plus gestures. Gestures revealed earlier expression of viewpoint dependent sagittal spatial relations. However, the total speech plus gesture frequency of informative spatial expression did not add new information for topological spatial relations. This study demonstrated the interactions between multimodal expressions of spatial relations and their complexity as seen in their order of acquisition.
Özel gereksinimli kardeşi olan tipik gelişim gösteren bireylerin ebeveynleşme deneyimi
Systemic perspective seeks to understand the reason of parentification, why it appears in the moment and what function it contains for the family. The purpose of the study is to explore the caregiving experiences of young adult siblings with typical development of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Intellectual Disabilities (ID). These experiences are interpreted using the systemic theory, ecological systems theory and the term parentification. The results indicate that young adult siblings with typical development experience parentification towards their siblings with special needs as well as to their parents. According to the emerged themes, the siblings with typical development perceive both positive aspects of parentification such as a strong sibling relationship, a special communication, developing empathy skills whereas challenging aspects of parentification such as sacrificing their own needs. Siblings of typical development who have families that lack a sufficient support from each parent show parentification towards their parents as well. Additionally, having a sibling with special needs have effects on future expectations such as roles in couple relationships, spousal choice, having a child. In conclusion, siblings with typical development experience parentification by caregiving their sibling with special needs and their parents. The experience of parentification has influences on a wide area of their life. Further research should be conducted with a larger number of people and higher number of siblings to understand the gender effect on the caregiving practices.
Velayeti olmayan babaların boşanma ve velayet sonrası deneyimleri: Ebeveyn yabancılaşması ile ilgili fenomenolojik bir çalışma
Parental alienation is one of the outcomes that divorced families may experience during and after the divorce process. In parental alienation, the child is consciously alienated from the targeted parent by the targeting one by using different strategies and manipulations. By using family systems theory as the fundamental framework, the current study explores the experiences of noncustodial fathers in the context of parental alienation after the divorce and custody processes from a multidisciplinary lens. Seven fathers, who scored higher on the Rowland Parental Alienation Scale than the average score of the sampling pool that is consisted of noncustodial fathers, were purposefully selected. Parental alienation experiences of fathers were clustered by using interpretative phenomenological analysis, and it yielded six group experiential themes: "Ways of parental alienation", "Fathers' psychological outcomes", "Father-child relationship outcomes", "Experiences with professional services", "Gender-based inequality", and "Ways to light up darkness", and a total 24 subthemes. Current study findings are discussed in the context of the family systems theory, existing literature around divorce and parental alienation, strengths, limitations, future research directions, and clinical and legal implications.
Yeni evli kadınların benlik ayrımlaşma düzeylerinin, bağlanma stillerinin ve ilişkideki bağlanma davranışlarının romantik ilişki mutluluklarına etkisi
The aim of the present study was to investigate the direct and indirect contributions of differentiation of self, attachment styles, and attachment behaviors, on relationship happiness. The sample consisted of 194 Turkish women. Eligibility criteria included being a woman, being above the age of 25, being married for the first time and for a maximum of 5 years. The participation was online via Qualtrics. The survey set included demographic form, Differentiation of Self Inventory – Revised (DSI-R), Experiences in Close Relationships – Revised (ECRR), Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness, Engagement Scale (BARE) and Relationship Happiness Questionnaire (RHQ) (Işık & Bulduk, 2015; Saydam et al., 2020; Sümer, 2006; Tuterel-Kışlak, 2002). Bivariate correlations and path analysis were run to test the hypotheses. The serial mediation model revealed that DoS predicted attachment behaviors through attachment avoidance, and attachment avoidance predicted relationship happiness through attachment behaviors. Overall, the ability to self-regulate and to remain both autonomous and connected in intimate relationships decreased the individual's discomfort with intimacy, and in turn, enabled the person to remain accessible, responsive, and engaged with their partner, which in turn improved their relationship happiness. These findings suggest that the ability to self-regulate is a prerequisite for avoidantly attached individuals to be able to coregulate with their partners, which will in turn enhance their relationship happiness. Findings are discussed in light of the previous literature considering clinical implications, limitations and future directions.
COVID-19 salgını döneminde ebeveynler arası ilişki niteliği ve ebeveyn duygu düzenlemesinin çocuğun duygu düzenlemesi üzerindeki rolünün incelenmesi
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a stressful situation with a variety of repercussions on family systems such as economic changes, fear of disease, or social isolation. In a time when so many various stressful events arise, it is crucial to investigate how parents and children regulate their emotions since it might be more challenging for parents and children to manage tough emotions like stress and anxiety during this time. In the family, each part dependent on each other as systems as well as they are independent. In this regard, the interparental relationship is just as crucial to children's ability to control emotions as their parents. Due to the potential for both dependent and independent influences on each member of the family, it is critical to study emotion regulation during COVID-19 within the family systems of the parents, children, and interparental relationship. The aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship among parent emotion regulation, interparental relationship quality, and child emotion regulation in the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, this study attempted to examine the indirect role of maternal emotion regulation in the association between interparental relationship quality and the emotion regulation of children. Also, child age, child gender and family SES were used as control variables. The data was obtained from mothers. The sample consisted of 204 mothers who have 2- to -6 years old children (M: 3.84, SD: 1.34; 55.2% boys, 44.8% girls). The data collection tools were as follows: the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1976), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003), the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC; Shields & Cicchetti, 1999), and the COVID-19 Perceived Stress Scale (Acar et al., 2020). Two separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for child emotion regulation and child lability. Results showed that mothers' expressive suppression and interparental relationship consensus predicted the child lability. Also, emotion regulation was predicted by mothers' expressive suppression, but none of the interparental relationship quality dimensions. Moreover, the mediation analysis revealed that of interparental relationship quality did not predict child emotion regulation through maternal emotion regulation. This study highlights the importance of the influences of interparental relationship and mothers' emotion regulation on the child's emotion regulation.
Okul öncesi dönemdeki çocuklarda öz düzenleme, ebeveyn besleme stilleri ve duygusal yeme davranışları: Boylamsal bir çalışma
Children's emotional eating could be driven by their individual characteristics and parenting behaviors. From this perspective, in this study, we tested the child-driven and parent-driven antecedents of emotional eating to understand the underlying mechanisms of emotional eating in children. In detail, we explored the transactional association among parental feeding styles, mealtime technoference, and children's self-regulation in predicting emotional eating during preschool years. We collected data from 231 children at two-time points, the fall and spring semesters. Children's ages ranged between 36 to 76 months (M = 58.49, SD = 9.07) in the fall and aged between 44 to 80 months (M = 65.26, SD = 8.27) in the spring. Parents reported children's eating behaviors, feeding styles, and mealtime technoference in the fall and spring semesters. Researchers measured children's performance-based self-regulation. Cross-lagged path analyses were conducted for a total of six different models. We found a bidirectional relationship between mealtime technoference and children's emotional overeating behaviors but could not find bidirectional relations between parental feeding styles (emotional and control feeding) and children's emotional eating behaviors. However, emotional overeating was predicted by parental emotional feeding and child self-regulation; parental control feeding was predicted by emotional undereating. These results show that emotional eating is an outcome of both child- and parent-driven factors. The results are discussed in detail within the Transactional Human Development Model (THDM) framework.
Çiftlerde depresyon, anksiyete ve stres seviyelerinin iletişim örüntüleriyle ilişkisi
The present study examined the relationship between the demand/ withdraw pattern and levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in newlywed couples. The sample consisted of 107 Turkish heterosexual couples that were part of another project at Ozyegin University. Scale data were collected online and the observational data in the laboratory. Participants were asked to complete the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and Demographic Information Form. Couple Interaction Rating System (CIRS) developed by Heavey, Gill, and Christensen (1998) was used to measure the demand/ withdraw pattern during two discussion sessions and each session included an important topic for each partner. Actor Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was conducted in the data analysis. For both the husbands' and wives' topics, the results indicated a negative significant relationship between husband demand/ wife withdraw pattern and men's depression levels (actor effect). Again for both the husbands's and wives' topics, the results for the partner effects showed a positive significant relationship between the wife demand/ husband withdraw pattern and men's level of anxiety, and a significant negative relationship with men's level of stress. Findings are discussed regarding the literature and possible implications in both research and clinical areas. Finally, the contributions of the current study, its limitations and possible directions for future research were discussed.
Yüksek çatışmalı çiftlerle çalışan duygu odaklı çift terapistlerinde duygu düzenleme
Therapist emotion regulation is an important factor in the therapy process and cited among the common factors that explain change in effective therapy models. This study was conducted to explore emotional experiences and emotion regulation strategies of emotionally focused therapists who use primary emotions as a change mechanism while working with high-conflict couples. 21 psychotherapists who use emotionally focused therapy (EFT) and have experience working with the high-conflict couple(s) were recruited and interviewed. Thematic analysis was conducted to understand the common themes and patterns of EFT therapists working with high conflict couples. The results indicated five main themes: "Different Compelling Emotional Experiences of the Therapists", "Relief After Sessions as a Positive Emotion", "Triggers of Therapists' Emotions", "Perceived Adaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies", and "Positive Impact of the Therapist's Regulation Strategies on the Therapy Process". Results from the current study are discussed based on the literature on emotion regulation and the person-of-the therapist training model. Strengths, limitations, possible future research, and clinical implication are presented.
Etişkin bağlanma stilleri ile otobiyografik anıların fenomonolojik özellikleri arasındaki ilişki: Aktör-partner etkilerinin incelenmesi
The present study aimed to investigate the link between adult attachment orientations and the phenomenological properties of romantic relationship-related autobiographical memories, examining the actor-partner effect on the partner's phenomenological properties of memories. The sample consisted of 108 heterosexual couples. Inclusion criteria required a as minimum two years romantic relationships and non-pregnancy for women. Demographic information forms, Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) (Fraley et al., 2000), and Memory Experience Questionnaire-Short Form (MEQ-SF) (Luchetti, & Sutin, 2015) were filled out by both partners. Partial Correlation Analyses and The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) were used to analyze hypotheses. Partial Correlation Analyses showed that there is a positive correlation between attachment anxiety, sharing, and emotional intensity for negative memories. For positive memories, there was a positive correlation between attachment avoidance and distancing for both females and males. A negative correlation between male attachment avoidance sensory details, and emotional intensity was found. For females, there was a negative association between attachment avoidance, and vividness, sensory details, emotional intensity, and sharing. For negative memories, there was a negative correlation between males' attachment anxiety emotional intensity, and coherence. According to APIM results, males' attachment anxiety and female's sharing of positive memories were positively related (direct partner effect). Females' attachment avoidance and males' sharing of negative memories were positively related (direct partner effect). Clinical implications of these dyadic findings are discussed in terms of the existing body of literature. The study's limitations and future research suggestions are discussed. Keywords: adult attachment orientations, autobiographical memory, phenomenological characteristics, APIM
Yarık dudak ve damakla doğan erişkinlerde travma sonrası büyüme, algılanan damgalanma ve yüz görünüş memnuniyeti arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Previous research shows a link between stigma and well-being; however, the addition of post-traumatic growth (PTG) remains unstudied in craniofacial literature. This study investigated the relationships between perceived stigmatization, the five dimensions of PTG, and facial appearance satisfaction in 146 adult people who were born with cleft lip and palate using decision trees to uncover the underlying cutpoints and complexities. The sample was divided equally into training and test samples. The training sample accounted for 41% of the variance, and the replicated test sample accounted for a 36% percentage of variance in facial appearance satisfaction. As expected, in contrast to the negative relationship between perceived stigma and facial appearance satisfaction, the combined five dimensions of PTG had a positive relationship with facial appearance satisfaction. People with lower perceived stigmatization and higher PTG had the highest facial appearance satisfaction, whereas people with higher perceived stigmatization and lower PTG had the lowest facial appearance satisfaction. By utilizing tree algorithms, important thresholds were discovered, and while all PTG dimensions were able to enter the model, only average PTG emerged as an important predictor in both paths. In clinical practice, to promote PTG and decrease perceived stigmatization, ageappropriate support groups can provide a safe space for individuals to connect with others who have undergone similar experiences. Also, narrative therapy may be an effective tool for PTG.
Dil ve bilişte olay temsilinin gelişimi: Türkçe konuşan çocuklardan örnekler
During language development, children need to make sense of a continuous stream of input into meaningful segments, known as events, and communicate about them. Here, we examine how preschoolers (4- and 5-year-olds) and adults segment events in language and cognition in the domain of motion events, focusing on Turkish, a verb-framed language that segments motion paths in separate verb phrases. In the non-linguistic Dwell Time task, participants viewed self-paced slideshows created with frames taken from videos of motion events that either involved a path change or did not involve a path change. Detection of an event unit is indicated by event boundaries, where the time spent looking at a slide is significantly longer compared to other slides. In the linguistic task, the same participants described the same events to a confederate addressee. Our findings revealed that participants described motion events that involve a path change with two or more path verbs more frequently than events that do not. We observed a developmental pattern in the linguistic descriptions: adults tended to use multiple verb phrases more frequently than younger children and older children tended to use them more frequently than their younger counterparts. This tendency was particularly evident in using two or more path verbs. However, despite the differences in linguistic descriptions, children and adults segmented the events similarly in the non-linguistic task. These findings suggest a lack of homology between cognitive and linguistic event segmentation throughout development.